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Event: 1005

Key Event Title

A descriptive phrase which defines a discrete biological change that can be measured. More help

Reduced, Swimming performance

Short name

The KE short name should be a reasonable abbreviation of the KE title and is used in labelling this object throughout the AOP-Wiki. More help

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Key Event Description

A description of the biological state being observed or measured, the biological compartment in which it is measured, and its general role in the biology should be provided. More help

Adequate swimming performance in fish is essential for behaviour such as foraging, predator avoidance and reproduction.

How It Is Measured or Detected

In the context of the EMOD/M2AOP prototyping, there are 2 components to the How it is Measured or Detected field, a structured component for adding Assay information and a free text component for unstructured descriptive information.In the free text field, include a description of the type(s) of measurements that can be employed to evaluate the KE and the relative level of scientific confidence in those measurements. These can range from citation of specific validated test guidelines, citation of specific methods published in the peer reviewed literature, or outlines of a general protocol or approach (e.g., a protein may be measured by ELISA). Do not provide detailed protocols. More help

Export Assays as CSV

For fish larvae, automated observation and tracking systems are commercially available and increasingly used for measuring swimming performance including distance travelled, duration of movements, swimming speed, etc. This kind of measurements is often included in publications describing effects of chemicals in zebrafish larvae (Hagenaars et al., 2014; Stinckens et al., 2016; Vergauwen et al., 2015).

For juvenile and adult fish, measurements of swim performance vary. However, in some circumstances, swim tunnels have been used to measure various data (Fu et al., 2013).

Little and Finger (1990) discussed swimming behavior as an indicator of sublethal toxicity in fish.

Observations 2.0

Observed meausures are instances of assay results that support this Key Event More help

ID	Experimental Effect	Biological Object	Biological Process	Method of Measurement	Notes	Evidence Source ID	Citation (first author, year)

Observed Measures 1.0

Observed meausures are instances of assay results that support this Key Event More help

ID	Stressor	Sample (short_name)	Assay	Effect

Key Event Components

The KE, as defined by a set structured ontology terms consisting of a biological process, object, and action with each term originating from one of 14 biological ontologies (Ives, et al., 2017; https://aopwiki.org/info_pages/2/info_linked_pages/7#List). Biological process describes dynamics of the underlying biological system (e.g., receptor signalling).Biological process describes dynamics of the underlying biological system (e.g., receptor signaling). The biological object is the subject of the perturbation (e.g., a specific biological receptor that is activated or inhibited). Action represents the direction of perturbation of this system (generally increased or decreased; e.g., ‘decreased’ in the case of a receptor that is inhibited to indicate a decrease in the signaling by that receptor). Note that when editing Event Components, clicking an existing Event Component from the Suggestions menu will autopopulate these fields, along with their source ID and description. To clear any fields before submitting the event component, use the 'Clear process,' 'Clear object,' or 'Clear action' buttons. If a desired term does not exist, a new term request may be made via Term Requests. Event components may not be edited; to edit an event component, remove the existing event component and create a new one using the terms that you wish to add. Further information on Event Components and Biological Context may be viewed on the attached pdf. More help

Process	Object	Action
aquatic locomotion		decreased

Biological Context

Structured terms, selected from a drop-down menu, are used to identify the level of biological organization for each KE. More help

Level of Biological Organization
Individual

Key Event Overview

AOPs Including This Key Event

All of the AOPs that are linked to this KE will automatically be listed in this subsection. This table can be particularly useful for derivation of AOP networks including the KE.Clicking on the name of the AOP will bring you to the individual page for that AOP. More help

AOP Name	Role of event in AOP	Point of Contact	Author Status	OECD Status
DIO2i posterior swim bladder	KeyEvent	Brendan Ferreri-Hanberry (send email)	Under Development: Contributions and Comments Welcome	WPHA/WNT Endorsed
DIO2i anterior swim bladder	KeyEvent	Arthur Author (send email)	Under Development: Contributions and Comments Welcome	WPHA/WNT Endorsed
DIO1i posterior swim bladder	KeyEvent	Agnes Aggy (send email)	Under Development: Contributions and Comments Welcome	WPHA/WNT Endorsed
DIO1i anterior swim bladder	KeyEvent	Allie Always (send email)	Under Development: Contributions and Comments Welcome	WPHA/WNT Endorsed
TPOi anterior swim bladder	KeyEvent	Evgeniia Kazymova (send email)	Under Development: Contributions and Comments Welcome	WPHA/WNT Endorsed
Lysyl oxidase inhibition	KeyEvent	Brendan Ferreri-Hanberry (send email)	Open for adoption
GR Agonism Leading to Impaired Fin Regeneration	KeyEvent	Brendan Ferreri-Hanberry (send email)	Open for citation & comment

Taxonomic Applicability

Latin or common names of a species or broader taxonomic grouping (e.g., class, order, family) that help to define the biological applicability domain of the KE.In many cases, individual species identified in these structured fields will be those for which the strongest evidence used in constructing the AOP was available in relation to this KE. More help

Term	Scientific Term	Evidence	Link
zebrafish	Danio rerio	High	NCBI
teleost fish	teleost fish	High	NCBI
fathead minnow	Pimephales promelas	High	NCBI

Life Stages

An indication of the the relevant life stage(s) for this KE. More help

Life stage	Evidence
Larvae	Moderate
Juvenile	Moderate
Adult	Moderate

Sex Applicability

An indication of the the relevant sex for this KE. More help

Term	Evidence
Unspecific	Moderate

Evidence Supporting the Domain of Applicability

A description of the scientific basis for the indicated domains of applicability and the WoE calls (if provided). More help

Taxonomic: Importance of swimming performance for natural behaviour is generally applicable to fish and tho other taxa that rely on swimming to support vital behaviours.

Life stage: Importance of swimming performance for natural behaviour is generally applicable across all free-swimming life stages, i.e., post-embryonic life stages.

Sex: Importance of swimming performance for natural behaviour is generally applicable across sexes.

References

List of the literature that was cited for this KE description. More help

Fu C, Cao ZD, Fu SJ. 2013. The effects of caudal fin loss and regeneration on the swimming performance of three cyprinid fish species with different swimming capactities. The Journal of Experimental Biology 216:3164-3174. doi:10.1242/jeb.084244

Hagenaars, A., Stinckens, E., Vergauwen, L., Bervoets, L., Knapen, D., 2014. PFOS affects posterior swim bladder chamber inflation and swimming performanceof zebrafish larvae. Aquat. Toxicol. 157, 225–235.

Little EE, Finger SE. 1990. Swimming behavior as an indicator of sublethal toxicity in fish. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 9(1):13-19.

Stinckens, E., Vergauwen, L., Schroeder, A.L., Maho, W., Blackwell, B., Witter, H.,Blust, R., Ankley, G.T., Covaci, A., Villenueve, D.L., Knapen, D., 2016. Disruption of thyroid hormone balance after 2-mercaptobenzothiazole exposure causes swim bladder inflation impairment—part II: zebrafish. Aquat. Toxicol. 173:204-17.

Vergauwen, Lucia; Nørgaard Schmidt, Stine; Maho, Walid; Stickens, Evelyn; Hagenaars, An; Blust, Ronny; Mayer, Philipp; Covaci, Adrian; Knapen, Dries. 2014. A high throughput passive dosing format for the Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity test. Chemosphere. 139: 9-17.