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Relationship: 2605
Title
Inhibit, voltage-gated sodium channel leads to Altered kinetics of sodium channel
Upstream event
Downstream event
AOPs Referencing Relationship
| AOP Name | Adjacency | Weight of Evidence | Quantitative Understanding | Point of Contact | Author Status | OECD Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inhibition of voltage gate sodium channels leading to impairment in learning and memory during development | adjacent | Arthur Author (send email) | Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite | Under Development |
Taxonomic Applicability
Sex Applicability
| Sex | Evidence |
|---|---|
| Male | |
| Female |
Life Stage Applicability
| Term | Evidence |
|---|---|
| All life stages |
VGSCs are critical in generation and conduction of electrical signals in multiple excitable tissues. Natural and synthetic toxins are known to interact with VGSC by altering the gate kinetic of the channel by slowing the activation and deactivation rate of the VGSC and shift to a more hyperpolarised potentials the membrane potential at which the VGSC activate.
The detailed mechanism of voltage sensing and voltage-dependent activation of the voltage sensor of sodium channels through a series of resting and activated states is known at the atomic level.
There is evidence supporting that the binding of pyrethroids to VGSC (Trainer et al., 1997; O’Reilly et al., 2006) induces disruption of the sodium channel gate kinetics (Meyer et al., 2008; Soderlund et al., 2002).
| ID | Experimental Design | Species | Upstream Observation | Downstream Observation | Citation (first author, year) | Notes |
|---|
| Title | First Author | Biological Plausibility |
Dose Concordance |
Temporal Concordance |
Incidence Concordance |
|---|
Biological Plausibility
Dose Concordance Evidence
Temporal Concordance Evidence
Incidence Concordance Evidence
Uncertainties and Inconsistencies
The fact that binding of pyrethroids to VGSCs results in altered sodium channel gate kinetics is well accepted and supported by some evidence. However, some minor uncertainties can be detected as reported below.
Uncertainties in the overall knowledge remain as the sodium channels’ ontogeny is a complex process. Since brain development in both humans and rodents extends from early gestation through lactation it is not possible to state with certainty which isoform of the sodium channels’ α subunits is preferentially affected by deltamethrin.
For in vitro methodologies, there is still a lack of knowledge on stability of deltamethrin in the medium and the partitioning of this compound with plastic, lipid and protein. Indeed, the high lipophilicity of pyrethroids is still a limitation for the sensitivity of the assays and for the identification of a single binding site on any given sodium channel and its mediated action this may affect the sensitivity of the assays (Ruigt et al., 1987). Also, the metabolic competence of the test systems used in various assays is unknown.
Moreover, the study from Meyer et al. (2008) is an indirect measurement of the interaction between the prototype stressor, deltamethrin and VGSCs. Also, the exact temperature at which the patch clamp recording was made is uncertain (in the publication it is stated at room temperature) and it is well documented that pyrethroids effects on VGSCs are negatively temperature dependent (reviewed in Narahashi, 2000). Finally, Meyer and colleagues used hippocampal cell culture from rats PND 2–4 which were not characterised and did not contain microglia or oligodendrocyte precursors cells, therefore there are still uncertainties in the knowledge of the interaction between pyrethroids and microglia or oligodendrocytes precursor VGSC.
Some inconsistencies can be observed in experimental studies. They are associated with the electrophysiological technique used to study ionic currents in individual isolated living cells, tissue sections or patches of cells. The solution used in the bath can be similar to cytoplasm composition or completely different, they can be changed by adding ions or drugs to study the ion channels under different conditions. In the study of Meyer et al. (2008) different effects, i.e. burst duration, were observed for permethrin (type I) and deltamethrin (type II) and it was not clear if this represents a true difference in the mode of action between type I and type II pyrethroids or simply a difference between the two compounds. This could only be determined by the examination of additional chemicals.