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Relationship: 2378

Title

A descriptive phrase which clearly defines the two KEs being considered and the sequential relationship between them (i.e., which is upstream, and which is downstream). More help

Decreased, Triiodothyronine (T3) leads to Altered, Photoreceptor patterning

Upstream event
The causing Key Event (KE) in a Key Event Relationship (KER). More help
Decreased, Triiodothyronine (T3)
Downstream event
The responding Key Event (KE) in a Key Event Relationship (KER). More help
Altered, Photoreceptor patterning

Key Event Relationship Overview

The utility of AOPs for regulatory application is defined, to a large extent, by the confidence and precision with which they facilitate extrapolation of data measured at low levels of biological organisation to predicted outcomes at higher levels of organisation and the extent to which they can link biological effect measurements to their specific causes.Within the AOP framework, the predictive relationships that facilitate extrapolation are represented by the KERs. Consequently, the overall WoE for an AOP is a reflection in part, of the level of confidence in the underlying series of KERs it encompasses. Therefore, describing the KERs in an AOP involves assembling and organising the types of information and evidence that defines the scientific basis for inferring the probable change in, or state of, a downstream KE from the known or measured state of an upstream KE. More help

AOPs Referencing Relationship

AOP Name Adjacency Weight of Evidence Quantitative Understanding Point of Contact Author Status OECD Status
Thyroperoxidase inhibition leading to altered visual function via altered photoreceptor patterning adjacent Cataia Ives (send email) Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite Under Development

Taxonomic Applicability

Latin or common names of a species or broader taxonomic grouping (e.g., class, order, family) that help to define the biological applicability domain of the KER.In general, this will be dictated by the more restrictive of the two KEs being linked together by the KER.  More help
Term Scientific Term Evidence Link
zebrafish Danio rerio NCBI

Sex Applicability

An indication of the the relevant sex for this KER. More help

Life Stage Applicability

An indication of the the relevant life stage(s) for this KER.  More help

Key Event Relationship Description

Provides a concise overview of the information given below as well as addressing details that aren’t inherent in the description of the KEs themselves. More help

Thyroid hormone signaling coordinates cell fate of photoreceptors in the visual system, especially during development and growth. Although different taxonomic groups differ in their photoreceptor subtypes, in general across species, thyroid hormone action promotes a shift of spectral sensitivity of opsins toward longer wavelengths. Decreased serum levels of triiodothyronine (T3), the more biologically active thyroid hormone, can alter photoreceptor patterning.

 

Evidence Collection Strategy

Include a description of the approach for identification and assembly of the evidence base for the KER. For evidence identification, include, for example, a description of the sources and dates of information consulted including expert knowledge, databases searched and associated search terms/strings.  Include also a description of study screening criteria and methodology, study quality assessment considerations, the data extraction strategy and links to any repositories/databases of relevant references.Tabular summaries and links to relevant supporting documentation are encouraged, wherever possible. More help

Evidence Map 2.0

ID Experimental Design Species Upstream Observation Downstream Observation Citation (first author, year) Notes

Evidence Map

Addresses the scientific evidence supporting KERs in an AOP setting the stage for overall assessment of the AOP. More help
Title First Author
Biological Plausibility
Dose Concordance
Temporal Concordance
Incidence Concordance
Biological Plausibility
Dose Concordance Evidence
Temporal Concordance Evidence
Incidence Concordance Evidence
Uncertainties and Inconsistencies
Addresses inconsistencies or uncertainties in the relationship including the identification of experimental details that may explain apparent deviations from the expected patterns of concordance. More help

  • Mackin et al. (2019): All 4 cone opsins are regulated by T4. However, in athyroid juvenile zebrafish, sws1 and sws2 levels were not different compared to controls, findings which are not consistent with endogenous functions for TH signaling in regulation of these genes in juvenile zebrafish.

  • Some studies show that TH can still alter opsin expression in later life stages after retinal development, while other studies report that opsin expression remains unaltered but the wavelength where maximal absorbance occurs increases.

Known modulating factors

This table captures specific information on the MF, its properties, how it affects the KER and respective references.1.) What is the modulating factor? Name the factor for which solid evidence exists that it influences this KER. Examples: age, sex, genotype, diet 2.) Details of this modulating factor. Specify which features of this MF are relevant for this KER. Examples: a specific age range or a specific biological age (defined by...); a specific gene mutation or variant, a specific nutrient (deficit or surplus); a sex-specific homone; a certain threshold value (e.g. serum levels of a chemical above...) 3.) Description of how this modulating factor affects this KER. Describe the provable modification of the KER (also quantitatively, if known). Examples: increase or decrease of the magnitude of effect (by a factor of...); change of the time-course of the effect (onset delay by...); alteration of the probability of the effect; increase or decrease of the sensitivity of the downstream effect (by a factor of...) 4.) Provision of supporting scientific evidence for an effect of this MF on this KER. Give a list of references.  More help

Domain of Applicability

A free-text section of the KER description that the developers can use to explain their rationale for the taxonomic, life stage, or sex applicability structured terms. More help

 

  • Taxonomic applicability

  • The function of thyroid hormones in regulating eye development including photoreceptor patterning is highly conserved across vertebrates (Viets et al., 2016)

  • Species that undergo noticeable metamorphosis seem to have more plasticity in opsin expression both at the embryonic stage and when the retina is fully differentiated (Suliman and Flamarique, 2014).

  • Life-stage applicability

  • Mackin et al. (2019): Lws and Rh2 differential Expression Remains Plastic to the Effects of TH Signaling through Juvenile Growth.

  • Mackin et al. (2019): components of the zebrafish rh2 opsin gene array can also be regulated by exogenous T3 in larval zebrafish.

  • Sex applicability

  • Zebrafish are undifferentiated gonochorists since both sexes initially develop an immature ovary (Maack and Segner, 2003). Immature ovary development progresses until approximately the onset of the third week. Later, in female fish immature ovaries continue to develop further, while male fish undergo transformation of ovaries into testes. Final transformation into testes varies among male individuals, however finishes usually around 6 weeks post fertilization. Effects on photoreceptor patterning resulting from altered T3 levels during early development are therefore expected to be independent of sex.

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  • Glaschke et al. (2011) showed that TH also controls adult cone opsin expression in mice and rats.

  • Mader and Cameron (2006): Premetamorphic winter flounder express only RH2 opsin. During metamorphosis they develop a new repertoire of opsins (RH1, SWS2, RH2, and LWS). the phenotypic organization of the premetamorphic retina, which is produced during low TH conditions, is consistent with the premetamorphic-like retina produced by the growing postmetamorphic retina during induced hypothyroidic conditions. Additionally, a similar effect of TH upon photoreceptor production was observed for regenerating postmetamorphic retina. This suggests that regeneration of the adult vertebrate retina involves a recapitulation of the mechanisms that drive and direct cytogenesis during normal development and growth

  • While in early life stages during retinal development, TH alters opsin expression and photoreceptor fate, during later stages TH treatment does not always result in altered opsin expression:

    • Allison et al. (2004) showed that thyroid hormone treatment increases the wavelength of maximum absorbance of photoreceptors in adult zebrafish, and this could not be explained by changes in opsin expression.

    • Suliman and Novales Flamarique (2014): Opsin expression did not change in young juveniles of zebrafish or killifish treated with TH.