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Relationship: 2019

Title

A descriptive phrase which clearly defines the two KEs being considered and the sequential relationship between them (i.e., which is upstream, and which is downstream). More help

Th17 cell migration and inflammation induction leads to Skin disease

Upstream event

The causing Key Event (KE) in a Key Event Relationship (KER). More help

Th17 cell migration and inflammation induction

Downstream event

The responding Key Event (KE) in a Key Event Relationship (KER). More help

Skin disease

Key Event Relationship Overview

The utility of AOPs for regulatory application is defined, to a large extent, by the confidence and precision with which they facilitate extrapolation of data measured at low levels of biological organisation to predicted outcomes at higher levels of organisation and the extent to which they can link biological effect measurements to their specific causes.Within the AOP framework, the predictive relationships that facilitate extrapolation are represented by the KERs. Consequently, the overall WoE for an AOP is a reflection in part, of the level of confidence in the underlying series of KERs it encompasses. Therefore, describing the KERs in an AOP involves assembling and organising the types of information and evidence that defines the scientific basis for inferring the probable change in, or state of, a downstream KE from the known or measured state of an upstream KE. More help

AOPs Referencing Relationship

AOP Name	Adjacency	Weight of Evidence	Quantitative Understanding	Point of Contact	Author Status	OECD Status
Stimulation of TLR7/8 in dendric cells leading to Psoriatic skin disease	adjacent	High	High	Evgeniia Kazymova (send email)	Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite	Under Development

Taxonomic Applicability

Latin or common names of a species or broader taxonomic grouping (e.g., class, order, family) that help to define the biological applicability domain of the KER.In general, this will be dictated by the more restrictive of the two KEs being linked together by the KER. More help

Sex Applicability

An indication of the the relevant sex for this KER. More help

Life Stage Applicability

An indication of the the relevant life stage(s) for this KER. More help

Key Event Relationship Description

Provides a concise overview of the information given below as well as addressing details that aren’t inherent in the description of the KEs themselves. More help

Th17 cells produce the cytokines IL-17 and IL-22. IL-17 is inflammatory, promotes the migration of neutrophils to psoriatic lesions, contributes to the formation of Munro's micro-abscess, and through DCL and memory T cells, including Th17 cells and CCR6, via CCL20 Incorporate into the affected area. IL-22 causes abnormal keratinocyte proliferation by down-regulating genes that control terminal differentiation, leading to altered differentiation and keratinization. Both IL-17 and IL-22 induce keratinocyte expression of the antibacterial S100A7 (psoriacin).（Nograles et al. 2008）

STAT3 is important for Th17 differentiation. Cytokine signaling SOCS3-deficient mice show increased IL-17 expression by increasing STAT3 activity in response to IL-23 binding to IL-17. Associated with increased activity of STAT3 in response to IL-23 capable of binding to IL-17 and IL-17F promoters. STAT3 overexpression promotes Th17 differentiation, whereas STAT3 deficiency inhibits Th17 differentiation. STAT3 signaling from IL-6, IL-21, IL-23 regulates the expression of lineage specific master transcription factors RORγt22, 63, 66 and RORα67. It has been found that patients with psoriasis with mutations in STAT3 cannot generate a Th17 response.（Martinez et al. 2008）

Evidence Collection Strategy

Include a description of the approach for identification and assembly of the evidence base for the KER. For evidence identification, include, for example, a description of the sources and dates of information consulted including expert knowledge, databases searched and associated search terms/strings. Include also a description of study screening criteria and methodology, study quality assessment considerations, the data extraction strategy and links to any repositories/databases of relevant references.Tabular summaries and links to relevant supporting documentation are encouraged, wherever possible. More help

Evidence Map 2.0

ID	Experimental Design	Species	Upstream Observation	Downstream Observation	Citation (first author, year)	Notes

Evidence Map

Addresses the scientific evidence supporting KERs in an AOP setting the stage for overall assessment of the AOP. More help

Title	First Author	Biological Plausibility	Dose Concordance	Temporal Concordance	Incidence Concordance

Biological Plausibility

Dose Concordance Evidence

Temporal Concordance Evidence

Incidence Concordance Evidence

Uncertainties and Inconsistencies

Addresses inconsistencies or uncertainties in the relationship including the identification of experimental details that may explain apparent deviations from the expected patterns of concordance. More help

Cytokines cannot be specified for genes associated with abnormalities in psoriatic skin. Many genes that are up-regulated in psoriatic lesions can be attributed to IFN-γ, including IL-17 and IL-22. Cytokines synthesized by Th1 / Th17 cells regulate different gene expression pathways in epidermal keratinocytes and other skin resident cells. The psoriatic transcriptome may result from activation of multiple independent pathways.（Nograles et al. 2008）

After daily topical application of Aldara containing imiquimod (IMQ) to humans, significant skin thickening, redness and scaling were observed 3 days later (doi: 10.1172 / JCI61862DS1). The clinical course of plaque formation on the ear and back skin and histopathology were similar. Aldara treatment resulted in impaired keratinocyte hyperproliferation and epidermal differentiation, as indicated by epidermal thickening and hyperkeratosis. There was a terminal neutrophil accumulation in the stratum corneum reminiscent of a Munro micro-abscess in psoriasis. Extensive leukocyte infiltration was observed in the dermis.(Pantelyushin et al. 2012)

Known modulating factors

This table captures specific information on the MF, its properties, how it affects the KER and respective references.1.) What is the modulating factor? Name the factor for which solid evidence exists that it influences this KER. Examples: age, sex, genotype, diet 2.) Details of this modulating factor. Specify which features of this MF are relevant for this KER. Examples: a specific age range or a specific biological age (defined by...); a specific gene mutation or variant, a specific nutrient (deficit or surplus); a sex-specific homone; a certain threshold value (e.g. serum levels of a chemical above...) 3.) Description of how this modulating factor affects this KER. Describe the provable modification of the KER (also quantitatively, if known). Examples: increase or decrease of the magnitude of effect (by a factor of...); change of the time-course of the effect (onset delay by...); alteration of the probability of the effect; increase or decrease of the sensitivity of the downstream effect (by a factor of...) 4.) Provision of supporting scientific evidence for an effect of this MF on this KER. Give a list of references. More help

Quantitative Understanding of the Linkage

Captures information that helps to define how much change in the upstream KE, and/or for how long, is needed to elicit a detectable and defined change in the downstream KE. More help

Response-response Relationship

Provides sources of data that define the response-response relationships between the KEs. More help

KE2

High levels of Th17 cytokines were observed in psoriatic skin induced by CD4 + T cells. IL-23 p40 subunit or IL-22 significantly prevented the development of skin lesions.

IL-22-induced acantosis and inflammation were reduced in IL-22-deficient mice compared to WT mice. Blocking IL-22 increases IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, IL-17F, and TNF-α. (K. A. et al. 2013)

Anti-IL-17 antibody administration results in decreased keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, leukocyte infiltration, and keratinocyte release of inflammatory cytokines. In psoriatic lesioned keratinocytes, changes in mRNA and protein expression of IL-17 regulatory products occurred. Within 2 weeks of antibody administration, the expression of LL37 (cathelicidin), β-defensin 2, S100A7, and S100A8 proteins was markedly decreased in keratinocytes, and the expression reached normal levels after 6 weeks.(Krueger et al. 2012)

Time-scale

Information regarding the approximate time-scale of the changes in KEdownstream relative to changes in KEupstream (i.e., do effects on KEdownstream lag those on KEupstream by seconds, minutes, hours, or days?). More help

Epidermal keratinocyte expression genes that were elevated in psoriatic lesions of patients with psoriasis with stage-type skin eruption: mRNA expression level of keratin6a and 16, s100A7A, S100A12, DEFB4, IL-1F6, CCL20, IL-17C, etc. was rapidly reduced by 700㎎ single intravenous dose of brodalumab and decreased to non-lesional skin level 2 weeks after administration. On the other hand, leukocyte expression genes with increased expression in psoriatic lesion skin: IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-23F, IL-12B, IL-22, IFN-γ and other mRNA expression levels decreased with brodalumab administration. However, at 2 weeks after administration, the level did not decrease to the level of the non-lesional skin. Since the expression of pathophysiology-related genes is reduced prior to the decrease in the expression of leukocyte expression genes is reduced prior to the decrease in the expression of leukocyte expression genes and the decrease in the PASI score, Brodalumab is reduced expression of pathophysiology-related genes by blocking IL-17 signaling in the epidermal keratinocytes of psoriatic lesions It is possible to improve the skin eruption promptly. (Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd.)

Known Feedforward/Feedback loops influencing this KER

Define whether there are known positive or negative feedback mechanisms involved and what is understood about their time-course and homeostatic limits. More help

Domain of Applicability

A free-text section of the KER description that the developers can use to explain their rationale for the taxonomic, life stage, or sex applicability structured terms. More help

Initiation of plaque formation in the Aldara psoriasis mouse model is dependent on RORγt +, skin infiltrating γδ T cells, and innate lymphocyte cells (ILC). Vγ4 + γδT cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILC) are the dominant and important sources of IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22 in the formation of acute psoriatic lesions, rather than Th cells (Pantelyushin et al. 2012).

Amyloid A: SAA, an inflammatory marker, is high in the serum of patients with psoriasis. When C57B6 mice were given SAA protein subcutaneously on the back, epidermal thickening and inflammatory cell wetting were frequent on days 5-7. Skin inflammation was significantly suppressed when IL-12 / IL-23p40 protein, a target molecule of psoriasis biologics, was administered in advance. By SAA administration, a similar reaction to psoriatic eruption was formed in the immunological reaction, and a psoriatic eruption model mouse was established. (J Dermatolog Trest. 2013; 24 (6): 477-80)