9002-88-4 Polyethylene AS low Mol.Wt. Polyethylene as Ethene, homopolymer 190695 Black PE-MB 190976 Black PP-MB A 2-2FMA002 A 60-70-162 Abifor 1300 AC Polyethy A 6 AC Polyethylene 629 AC Polyethylene 6A AC Polyethylene 735 A-C Polyethylene 9A AC Polyethylene Wax Accurel EP 400 Accurel MP 300 Accuscrub WT 06 Ace Polyethy DND 2450 Ace Polyethy F 6200V Ace Polyethy HD Ace Polyethy HD 5110 Ace Polyethy HD 640VF Ace Polyethy HD-A 6080A Ace Polyethy HDF 6080V Ace Polyethy HD-J 320 Ace Polyethy HDJ 6211 Ace Polyethy HD-S 6002 Ace Polyethy L 4470 Ace Polyethy LD-F 151 Ace Polyethy LDF 2270 Ace Polyethy M 2270 Acetic acid, butyl ester, polymer with ethene Acmosil 180V AC-Poly 617A Acroart Actilene I Actimais Acumist A 12 Acumist A 18 Acumist B 12 Acumist B 18 ACumist B 6 Acumist C 18 Acumist C 5 Acumist D 9 Acumist E 6 Adalin K Adeka VE Adflex LD 2500FA Admer NE 090 Aeonian Agilene Akrowax PE Akrowax PE-LM Alathon Alathon 1540 Alathon 1560 Alathon 1640 Alathon 1645 Alathon 2005 Alathon 2010 Alathon 2020 Alathon 4318 Alathon 4352 Alathon 4476 Alathon 5496 Alathon 5777 Alathon 6030 Alathon 6060 Alathon 6210 Alathon 6600 Alathon 7012 Alathon 7020 Alathon 7026 Alathon 7026A Alathon 7030 Alathon 7036 Alathon 7040 Alathon 7050 Alathon 7140 Alathon 7170 Alathon 71XHN Alathon 7320 Alathon 7511 Alathon 7516 Alathon 7815 Alathon 7835 Alathon 7840 Alathon 7850 Alathon ETP-XH 5057-2 Alathon H 5050 Alathon H 5265 Alathon H 6012 Alathon H 6017 Alathon H 6018 Alathon H 6030 Alathon L 4903 Alathon L 5040 Alathon L 5885 Alathon L 5906 Alathon M 5865 Alathon M 6020 Alathon M 6030 Alathon M 6030B Alathon M 6060 Alathon M 6138 Alathon M 6210 Alathon M 6580 Alathon XH 4660 Albis Black Alcudia 017 Alcudia 6006L Alcudia C 20 Alcudia C 240UV Alcudia PE 003 Alcudia PE 017 Alcudia TR 135 Alkalite Alkathene 017.040 Alkathene 017/064 Alkathene 025.030 Alkathene 0764 Alkathene 11 Alkathene 11/01 Alkathene 15.047 Alkathene 15033 Alkathene 15050 Alkathene 15068 Alkathene 1571 Alkathene 17 Alkathene 17/04/00 Alkathene 19 Alkathene 190400 Alkathene 2 Alkathene 200 Alkathene 21300 Alkathene 22 Alkathene 22300 Alkathene 23 Alkathene 30 Alkathene 33 Alkathene 403 Alkathene 45 Alkathene 46 Alkathene 47 Alkathene 68300 Alkathene ARN 60 Alkathene D 877 Alkathene HD Alkathene PE 017 Alkathene Q 15028 Alkathene Q 4177 Alkathene QS 4 Alkathene RXDG 33 Alkathene WIG 11 Alkathene WJG 11 Alkathene WJG 117 Alkathene WJG 47 Alkathene WNC 121 Alkathene WNC 71 Alkathene WNF 15 Alkathene WNG 14 Alkathene WRM 19 Alkathene WVG 23 Alkathene XDB 58 Alkathene XDF 331 Alkathene XDF 332 Alkathene XDG 33 Alkathene XDK 10 Alkathene XDK 139 Alkathene XHB 48 Alkathene XHF 77/50 Alkathene XHF 77/52 Alkathene XJF 143 Alkathene XJK 25 Alkathene XNM 68 Alkathene YHG 31 Alkatuff 711UV Allied 1220 Allied PE 617 Almathene 46 Alphex FIT 221 Altaven 1300J Altaven 2208J Altaven 5200B Altaven 6100M Altaven 620 Alveolen NA 1106 Alveolen NA 2006 Alveolen NA 2012 Alveolen NA 3308 Alveolen NT 0405 Alveolen NT 0805 Alveolen NT 0905 Alveolen NT 2008 Alveolen NT 2510 Alveolit TA 1504 Alveolux XA 0805 Ambythene Amoco 3150B Amoco 380B1 Amoco 41-305 Amoco 610A4 Ampacet 19470 Aquacer 355 Aquacer 502 Aquacer 513 Aquacer 605 Aqualene 4357 Aquamat 213 Aquamat 263 AquiDry Argetena A 22FMA002 Argetena A 23FB035 Argetena J ARseal 90697 Ascot 61079 Aspun 6815A Aspun 6835A Aspun 6842A Aspun 6911A Aspun XU 61800 Aspun XUR 1567-45766-30A Aspun XUS 61800.41 Astro E Astrofilm C Atebin 1062 ATO 1002CN22 ATO 1020CN23 Atomthene 30 Avocado wax Bakelite 1142 Bakelite DEMD 6369 Bakelite DEMD 8007 Bakelite DEMD 8907 Bakelite DFD 0100 Bakelite DFD 0332 Bakelite DFD 0600 Bakelite DFD 3300 Bakelite DFD 4140 Bakelite DFD 420 Bakelite DFD 4400 Bakelite DFDA 0154 Bakelite DFDA 0291 Bakelite DFDA 6059 Bakelite DFDQ 440 Bakelite DFDQ 4400 Bakelite DFDY 0774 Bakelite DFDY 6005 Bakelite DFDY 6130 Bakelite DFDY 6600 Bakelite DGDA 6093 Bakelite DGDJ 2467 Bakelite DHDA 4080 Bakelite DMDJ 3472 Bakelite DMDJ 4306 Bakelite DMDJ 5140 Bakelite DMDJ 7006 Bakelite DND 2004 Bakelite DNDA 0455 Bakelite DNDA 0917 Bakelite DNDA 4140 Bakelite DNDV 0405 Bakelite DNDY 2530 Bakelite DNYK 2 Bakelite DPD 3900 Bakelite DPDA 6670 Bakelite DPN 227 Bakelite DYDT Bakelite DYNF 1 Bakelite DYNF 5 Bakelite DYNH Bakelite DYNH 1 Bakelite DYNH 3 Bakelite DYNH 4 Bakelite DYNH 5 Bakelite DYNH 5MB45F/S Bakelite DYNH 9 Bakelite DYNK Bakelite DYNK 2 Bakelite GRSN 7441 Bakelite HFDE 4201 Bakelite HFDG 4360 Bareco 1000 Bareco Polywax 1000 Bareco Polywax 2000 Bareco Polywax 500 Bareco Polywax 655 Bariera HE Baylon 18H464 Baylon 19M430 Baylon 19N430 Baylon 21H460 Baylon 23L430 Baylon 23N130 Baylon 25D760 Baylon V 18 Baylon VP 105 Baylon VP 804-0 Baylon VP-KL 4-1266 Baylon VP-KL 4-8062 Bellporene Bicolene C BK 160-4604 Boltaron 5200 Boltaron 5535-1567 Boltaron ETH 5000 Borcoat HE 3450 Borealis 8151 Borealis HE 2550 Borealis LE 1870 Borstar HE 3470LS Borstar HE 3490LS Borstar HE 3492LS Borstar HE 3494LS Borstar HE 6063 Borstar ME 3440 Bowater BP 53-35H-FLK BP 5740-3VA Bralen 2-19 Bralen BF 08-64 Bralen FA 7-15 Bralen FB Bralen FB 08-65 Bralen FB 1-28 Bralen FB 2-17 Bralen FB 2-30 Bralen FB 4 Bralen KB 2-11 Bralen NA 7-25 Bralen RA 2-19 Bralen RA 2-19P3 Bralen RA 7 Bralen RB Bralen RB 0323 Bralen RB 03-23 Bralen RS 2-63 Bralen SA 200 Bralen SA 70 Bralen SA 70-21 Bralen VA Braskem 6540 Breathron BRN 2360 Breathron BRN 500 Breathron BRN 600 Bulen A Bulen A 15X Bulen A 60X Buna PEA 76MA Buresuron BV Novex LM 2010AA Bycolene Q 3201BYC01 Cabelec 268 Cabelec 913 Cadco HMW 1900 Calatrava 4810 Calatrava 5003 Calatrava 50100 Caralyan Caralyan Y Carbofol NAP Sheet Carlona 18-020 Carlona 18020FA Carlona 18-200 Carlona 25-020FJ Carlona 30-002BA Carlona 58-030 Carlona 65-045 Carlona 900 Cefral Lube 1 Celene DFD 6001 Celene DFD 6005 Celene DFDM 6005 Celene DFDM 6015 Celgard 2700 Celgard 2730 Celgard K 801 Celgard K 878 Cell Aire CA 30 Cellusoft PXB Celstran GF 60-03 Celstran PEG 58 Ceracer C 640 Ceracol 600 Ceraflour 902 Ceraflour 916 Ceraflour 962 Ceraflour 990 Ceraflour 991 Ceraplast Ceratex SK Ceridust 2055 Ceridust 3615 Ceridust 3620 Ceridust PE 130 Ceridust VP 130 Ceridust VP 3610 Ceridust VP 3620 Ceridust VP 590 Chemcor 325G Chemipearl A 200 Chemipearl M 100 Chemipearl M 200 Chemipearl P 300W Chemipearl W 100 Chemipearl W 200 Chemipearl W 300 Chemipearl W 308 Chemipearl W 310 Chemipearl W 400 Chemipearl W 401 Chemipearl W 500 Chemipearl W 640 Chemipearl W 700 Chemipearl W 900 Chemipearl W 950 Chemipearl WF 640 Chemipearl WF 6401 Chemirez 1010 Chemirez 2010 Chemirez HD 1010 Chemirez HD 1070 Chemirez HD 1210 Chemirez HD 3070 Chemplex 1005F Chemplex 1007 Chemplex 1013 Chemplex 1014 Chemplex 3006 Chemplex 3024 Chemplex 3404B Chemplex 3405 Chemplex 5240 Chemplex 5602 Chemplex 5701 Chemplex 5853 Chemplex 6009 Chemplex 6060 Chemplex 6109 Chemplex 6109E Chemplex 6186 Chemplex 6187 Chevron 1017 Chevron 1122 Chevron 1409 Chevron 4517 Chevron 5036 Chevron 8662 Chevron 9012 Chevron 9512 Chevron 9602 Chevron 9606 Chevron 9608 Chevron 9632 Chevron 9640 Chevron 9659 Chevron 9659T Chevron 9660 Chevron PE 1017 Chevron PE 4517 Chirulen Chirulen 1020 Chirulen DIN 58836C CIL 300GXN7218 Citruseal Cleatex PN 140 Cleatex PN 144 Cleatex PN 40 CMP-L 83XLAG-B Coathylene HA 1671 Coathylene HA 1681 Coathylene HA 1931 Coathylene HA 2454 Coathylene HA 2578 Coathylene HO 1681 Coathylene NB 5374 Coathylene NB 6454 Coathylene NC 5374F Coathylene P 50 Compol 6095 Continuum DGDA 2490NT Cosmothene Cosmothene G 812 Cosplastic Cotene 9042 CoTran 9711 CoTran 9720 Courlene X 3 Covitep Crayvallac WS 4700 Creolex K 4750 Crodawax WN 1442 Cryopolythene Cryovac Cryovac CP 900 Cryovac D Cryovac D 955 Cryovac EFDX 003 Cryovac L Cryovac MR Cryovac XDR Cryovac XL Crystal 220 CS Film CY 443-3N10 Daihan E 308 Daplen 1800H Daplen 1800S Daplen 1810 Daplen 1810D Daplen 1810H Daplen 1840D Daplen 2000H Daplen 2410F Daplen 2414D Daplen 2414F Daplen 2425K Daplen 3964 Daplen AH 5493 Daplen BH 4663 Daplen BH 5363 Daplen CE 4664 Daplen DE 3964 Daplen DH 5273 Daplen DH 5973 Daramic Daramic 350 Daramic PE Heavy Duty Dehoplast PE 1000 Delftamina P Delnet P 620W Delnet X 220 Delnet X 550 Densolen R 20 Densothene 072 DePuy Enduron DFDA 1253NT DFDC 0506NT DFDG 0322 Natural 7 DGDA 2490NT3408 DGDA 3466BK DGDA 6944NT DGDA 7580NT DGDB 2480NT DGDK 3364NT Dhialite PE Diothene Dixopak DMDA 8007NT7 DMDA 8904NT7 DMDA 8907NT7 Dow 5320.15 Dow 61501.02 Dow LD 420R Dowlex 10062 Dowlex 12065 Dowlex 2344E Dowlex 2476 Dowlex 4352N Dowlex 4452 Dowlex 609C Dowlex 7065 Dowlex IP 10 Dowlex IP 10262 Dowlex IP 22 Dowlex IP 40 Dowlex IP 60 Dowlex XO 61500 Dowpoly F 2270 Du Pont 5496 Du Pont 6340-3 Du Pont 6611 Du Pont 7815 DUCB 6000NT DuPont 2914 Duramic Durasul Dylan 1000F Dylan 1000F-WPD4784 Dylan SDF 640 Dylan WPD 205 Dylan-super Eastacoat 2004 Eastacoat 6838-850P Eastacoat D 4027P Eastman 15-50P Eastman 1924 Eastman 800A Ecoflac Eco-Light Ecoten LDPE Eftlon SK Elenac 25-020FA Elensol N 31 EL-Lene F 15 EL-N-AN Elpene F 6A Eltex 120N2025 Eltex A 1050 Eltex A 1050/0000P Eltex A 1050P Eltex A 2008 Eltex A 3180 Eltex A 3180PN1852 Eltex A 4009 Eltex A 4009MF Eltex A 4020 Eltex A 4040 Eltex A 4090 Eltex A 4090P Eltex B 2008P Eltex B 2015 Eltex B 2080 Eltex B 3002 Eltex B 3925 Eltex B 4002 Eltex B 4002P Eltex B 4020 Eltex B 4020N1332 Eltex B 4020P Eltex B 4922 Eltex B 5520 Eltex B 55-20 Eltex B 5920 Eltex B 6922N1347 Eltex HD 1016 Eltex K 44-20 Eltex K 4606 Eltex PE 91C Eltex P-KS 341 Eltex PLB 101 Eltex RS-B 714 Eltex TU-B 120 Eltex TU-B 131 Eltex TU-B 131N2010 Emboss film Kikko Emustar 0443 ENDE-plast LDPE Engage 4104 Epellan Eperan XL Epithene 300 Epolene 459N10 Epolene C Epolene C 10 Epolene C 101 Epolene C 11 Epolene C 12 Epolene C 13 Epolene C 14 Epolene C 15 Epolene C 17 Epolene C 288 Epolene E 12 Epolene N Epolene N 10 Epolene N 11 Epolene N 11P Epolene N 12 Epolene N 14 Epolene N 14P Epolene N 21 Epolene N 34 Epolene N 45 Epotal 181D Equistar 5602 Equistar 6030 Equistar LB 0100-00 Equistar LP 5403 Equistar LR 5403 Equistar LR 7320 Equistar M 6030 Equistar M 6060 Equistar NA 204-000 Equistar XH 4620 Eraclear IC 940M Eraclene C 90 Eraclene FC 80 Eraclene G 02 Eraclene H Eraclene HDPE ML 70 Eraclene H-QG 6013 Eraclene H-QG 6015 Eraclene HTG 6015 Eraclene HUG 5013 Eraclene H-ZB 6015 Eraclene M 17 Eraclene ML 70 Eraclene ML 74 Eraclene ML 75 Eraclene ML 94 Eraclene MM 95 Eraclene MP 90 Eraclene MP 94 Eraclene MP 94P Eraclene MQ 70 Eraclene MS 80 Eraclene QG 6015 Eraclene UG 6013 Eraclene ZB 5015 Ertalene HD 1000 Ertalene HD 500 Ertileno 2430ERT Escomer H 101 Escomer H 311 Escorene 1001 Escorene 158BW Escorene 160AS Escorene 165BW1 Escorene 259 Escorene 6704 Escorene FC 20 Escorene HD 6705.19 Escorene HD 6705.39 Escorene HD 6801YN Escorene HD 6908 Escorene HD 8000F Escorene HD 9856B Escorene HYA 010HD Escorene LD 100 Escorene LD 100AC Escorene LD 100BW Escorene LD 100MED Escorene LD 102.69 Escorene LD 104 Escorene LD 117.08 Escorene LD 134.09 Escorene LD 150BW Escorene LD 158 Escorene LD 158BW Escorene LD 160AS Escorene LD 165BW Escorene LD 166 Escorene LD 166BA Escorene LD 180BA Escorene LD 185 Escorene LD 200 Escorene LD 200.48 Escorene LD 201.48 Escorene LD 202 Escorene LD 203.48 Escorene LD 250 Escorene LD 251 Escorene LD 252 Escorene LD 258 Escorene LD 259 Escorene LD 270 Escorene LD 400 Escorene LD 605 Escorene LD 655 Escorene LD 659 Escorene MFI 155 Escorene MP 653-20 Escorene MP 654-35 Escorene MP 654-50 Escorene XW 70AV ESI-Cryl 325 ESI-Cryl 43 Eslon PE Pipe S Esurohaipa Ethafoam Ethafoam 220 Ethene homopolymer Ethene polymer Ethene, polymer with butyl acetate Ethene, polymer with graphite, graft ethene,homopolymer Ethene,homopolymer (C2H4)x Etherin Etherol Ethylene homopolymer Ethylene homopolymerise Ethylene polymer Ethylene, homopolymer Ethylene, polymers Ethylene-graphite graft copolymer Ethylux Etilinas HD 5301AA Etilinas HD 6070UA Eukrea BC 900 Europlast PE 80 Evanite Submicro EVL-SP 3010 Evolue SP 2150 Evolue SP 2510 Evolue SP 4520 Excellen EX-CR 8002 Excerex M 2 Excerex M 4 Excorene LL 100 Exxaire 1500WVTR Exxelor 251 Exxon 105BR Exxon 117.08 Exxon 129.24 Exxon 5252.09 Exxon 7845.30 Exxon HD 7845 Exxon LD 100BW Exxon Mobil 1469 Exxpol 2009 Fabritone PE Fertene Fertene AF 5-1800 Fertene CF 5 Fertene EF 29 Fertene EF 32000 Fertene LG 1-1300 Fertene UK 5-1830 Fertene ZF 5-1800 FGNX 23D022 Film-Gard CK 412 Filmstat Fina HDPE 1285 Fina HDPE 7208 Fina SI 508 Finacene BM 593 Finathene 1285 Finathene 3082 Finathene 3802 Finathene 3802FL Finathene 3802Y Finathene 3802YCF Finathene 47100 Finathene 4810 Finathene 5203 Finathene 53080 Finathene 56020 Finathene 58070 Finathene 6002 Finathene 6006 Finathene 6410 Finathene 6450 Finathene BM 593 Finathene BM 961 Finathene HF 513 Finathene HL 328 Finathene LB 520-0 Finathene MS 201BN Finathene SR 572 Finathene TR 140 Finathene WR 201 Finathene XS 10H Finathene XS 10N Finepress Finetex PE Finetex PE 140 Flamolin MF 15711 Flamolin XL 7410 Flamulit HTC 377UV Flamulit PE 306 Flamulit WS-PE 21 Flamulit WS-PE-B Flo-Beads Flo-Beads A 1003 Flo-Beads CL 1080 Flo-Beads CL 12007 Flo-Beads CL 20200 Flo-Beads CL 2080 Flo-Beads CL 2507 Flo-Beads CL 4080F Flo-Beads CL 5000 Flo-Beads CL 5007 Flo-Beads F Flo-Beads FG 801NN Flo-Beads G Flo-Beads HE 3008 Flo-Beads HE 3040 Flo-Beads HE 5023 Flo-Beads HE 5320 Flo-Beads K Flo-Beads LE 1080 Flo-Beads LE 2080 Flo-Beads LE 9020 Flo-Beads SS 1 Flothene Flothene 13142 Flothene A 1003 Flothene CL 2080 Flothene F 101-1 Flothene FG 701 Flothene FG 701N Flothene FG 801 Flothene G 101 Flothene G 201S Flothene G 201SN Flothene G 401N Flothene G 801 Flothene G 806 Flothene M Flothene MA 1103 Flothene MG 201 Flothene OF 80 Flothene UF Flothene UF 1.5 Flothene UF 15 Flothene UF 20 Flothene UF 4 Flothene UF 80 Fluftone 1566 Formolene HB 5502B Formosa 9003 Fortiflex A 60/500 Fortiflex A 6015 Fortiflex A 60-70-119 Fortiflex A 60-70-162 Fortiflex B 53-35H011 Fortiflex B 53-35H-FLK Fortiflex B 54-25H96 Fortiflex BH 53-35H Fortiflex F 621S Fortiflex G 36-24-150 Fortiflex G 60-25-144 Fortiflex HP 53-25-155 Fortiflex HP 54-60 Fortiflex J 36 Fortiflex J 60 Fortiflex J 60-500C147 Fortiflex J 60-800-178 Fortiflex J 60-800C147 Fortiflex K 46-06-161 Fortiflex T 50-1000F Fortiflex T 50-200 Fortiflex T 50-2000 Fortiflex T 50-2000G Fortiflex T 60-500-119 Fortiflex T 60-500-199 Fortiflex T 60-800-119 Fortiflex XF 450 Fresh Pak Funicon E 205 Furosen UF G 60-25-144 GGNX 18D003 Glad Cling Wrap Glaswax E 1 G-Lex B 55HM0003 G-Lex I 58A180 Gotalene 120 Incolore 2 Granitol Granoten Graphite, polymer with ethene, graft Grex PP 60-002 Grisolen Groflex K 0040.010 Gundline GUR-AP 3746 GUR-EP 4224 H 005239-0430A Haimora EX 1300 Haimora EX 1300W Halene P 5600 Hanwha 7400 Hanwha HDPE 8380 Hanwha LDPE 5312P HD 5740-3UA HD 6720PR200 HD 7255LS-L HD Natural SR HD-BB 105-001 HD-HB 422RP HDPE 05862N HDPE 10062E7 HDPE 10262A HDPE 10462N HDPE 12450N HDPE 160A80 HDPE 276-73 HDPE 32160C HDPE 5218EA HDPE 53050E HDPE 60550A HDPE 6205JU HDPE 6430BM HDPE 96003E HDPE H 005239-0430A HDPE-G 90/30 HDPE-H 2104 HDPE-H 5690S HDPE-KC 3664.00 HDPE-N 3260 HDPE-R 1760 HDPE-XC 10B Henschel Hercules 1900 Hercules 1900/90189 Hercules 19000/90189 HFDE 4201NT Hiblon P Hiblon SMK 25 Hiblon SMK 50 Hiblon SMKU Hi-Ddisper A 514 Hidisper A 110 Hidisper A 514 Hidisper A 98016 Hi-Ethylene S Hi-fax 1400E Hi-fax 1900 Hi-fax 1901 Hi-fax 4401 Hi-fax 4601 HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE High Flat 9171 High Flat F 713 High Flat T 10P4 High Flat T 15P High Flat T 15P2 High Flat TE 10PK5 High Shield T Himod FT 5270 Himont 1900 Himont UHMW 1900 Hiplex EHM 6003 Hiplex HHM 4903 Hiplex TR 130 Hipol S 100T Hipore 1100 Hipore 3040U2 Hipore A Hipore H 1080C Hipore H 1100A Hipore H 3050 Hipore H 6022 Hipore HN 710 Hipore N 710 Hipore N 720 Hipore N 910 Hipore N 9420G Hipore NB 630 Hipore PE 1100A Hipore S 6722 Hipore X 9817 Hipten 22003 Hipten 22003A3 Hipten 22020 Hipten 2302 Hitalex A 1355 Hitalex ML 2020 Hitec E 2000 Hivorex Hivorex 220J Hivorex 5200B Hiwax 1100P Hiwax 1120H Hiwax 2000P Hiwax 200MP Hiwax 200PF Hiwax 2203E Hiwax 220MP Hiwax 220RKT Hiwax 320MP Hiwax 400PF Hiwax 410MP Hiwax 4400G Hiwax HW 100P Hiwax HW 200P Hiwax HW 405MP Hiwax HW 420P Hiwax NL 100 Hiwax NL 200 Hiwax NL 500 Hiwax NL 800 Hiwax P 110 Hiwax R 1573-216 Hizex 1091J Hizex 1200J Hizex 1291J Hizex 1300J Hizex 1300JP Hizex 1700J Hizex 1700JP Hizex 1810J Hizex 2100CP Hizex 2100GP Hizex 2100H Hizex 2100J Hizex 2100JH Hizex 2100JP Hi-Zex 2100JPD Hizex 2100LC Hizex 2100LP Hizex 2100P Hizex 21COLP Hizex 2200JP Hizex 2202J Hizex 2208J Hizex 2208T Hizex 3000B Hizex 3000S Hizex 3300F Hi-Zex 3300F Hizex 3300FP Hizex 3300FPU Hizex 3300S Hizex 3510F Hizex 5000F Hizex 5000H Hizex 5000S Hizex 5000SR Hizex 5100B Hizex 5100E Hizex 5100ES Hizex 5100LP Hizex 5200S Hizex 5202B Hizex 5300B Hizex 5300S Hizex 5305E Hizex 5305EF Hizex 5500B Hizex 5500S Hizex 5600SP Hizex 6008B Hizex 6100P Hizex 6200B Hizex 6200BP Hizex 6300M Hizex 65150B Hizex 6600M Hizex 6600MA Hizex 6800S Hizex 7000FP Hizex 7000MP Hizex 7300F Hizex 7700M Hizex 7800M Hizex 8000F Hizex 8000FP Hizex 8200B Hizex 8200P Hizex 9200B Hizex H 6008B Hizex HD 700F Hizex HDPE 5202B Hizex HZ 5202B Hizex HZ 8200 Hizex HZ 8200B Hizex J 7000 Hizex L 900N Hizex Million Hi-zex Million 030S Hizex Million 145M Hizex Million 150M Hizex Million 220 Hizex Million 240M Hizex Million 240ME Hizex Million 240S Hi-Zex Million 249M Hizex Million 330M Hizex Million 340M Hizex Million 341LF Hizex Million 630M Hizex Million 840M Hizex Power 2100JP Hizex S 100E Hizex SPX 001 Hizex V 7000 Hoechst PA 190 Hoechst Wax KST Hoechst Wax PA 520 Hoechst Wax PE 130 Hoechst Wax PE 190 Hoechst Wax PE 191 Hoechst Wax PE 520 Honeywell 840 Hoperen Hordamer PE 02 Hordamer PE 03 Hostalen 5010T Hostalen 7260H Hostalen 7740 Hostalen 9255F Hostalen 9255F2 Hostalen ACP 5831D Hostalen ACP 9240 Hostalen CG 72600F Hostalen Cl 7741F Hostalen CRP 100 Hostalen G Hostalen GA 7260 Hostalen GB 6255 Hostalen GB 6450 Hostalen GB 7250 Hostalen GB 7255 Hostalen GB 7750 Hostalen GC Hostalen GC 6165 Hostalen GC 6270 Hostalen GC 6468 Hostalen GC 7260 Hostalen GC 7260GV Hostalen GC-VP 7260GV1/20 Hostalen GD Hostalen GD 1730 Hostalen GD 2 Hostalen GD 4755 Hostalen GD 4760 Hostalen GD 5740 Hostalen GD 620 Hostalen GD 6250 Hostalen GD 6260 Hostalen GD 7225 Hostalen GD 7250 Hostalen GD 7255 Hostalen GD 7259 Hostalen GF Hostalen GF 4760 Hostalen GF 5250 Hostalen GF 5750 Hostalen GF 5800 Hostalen GF 7650 Hostalen GF 7650P1 Hostalen GF 7660 Hostalen GF 7660P Hostalen GF 7740F2 Hostalen GF 7740F3 Hostalen GF 7745 Hostalen GF 7745F Hostalen GF 7750 Hostalen GF 7750M Hostalen GF 7755 Hostalen GF 9055F Hostalen GF-LP 134 Hostalen GFVP 4760 Hostalen GH 4765 Hostalen GHR 8010 Hostalen GHR 8020 Hostalen GK 7740 Hostalen GK 9050 Hostalen GM Hostalen GM 5010T2 Hostalen GM 5040T12 Hostalen GM 5050 Hostalen GM 6050 Hostalen GM 6255 Hostalen GM 7255 Hostalen GM 7255P Hostalen GM 7650 Hostalen GM 7655 Hostalen GM 7665 Hostalen GM 7745 Hostalen GM 7745F Hostalen GM 7745P Hostalen GM 8255 Hostalen GM 9240HT Hostalen GM 9255 Hostalen GM 9255HS Hostalen GM 9255P1 Hostalen GM 9350C Hostalen GM 9522F Hostalen GM 9955F Hostalen GO 7255P Hostalen GR 400 Hostalen GR 6255 Hostalen GR 7255 Hostalen GUR Hostalen GUR 1020 Hostalen GUR 1120 Hostalen GUR 2105 Hostalen GUR 212 Hostalen GUR 2122 Hostalen GUR 312 Hostalen GUR 400F Hostalen GUR 402 Hostalen GUR 4050 Hostalen GUR 4113 Hostalen GUR 412 Hostalen GUR 4120 Hostalen GUR 413 Hostalen GUR 4130 Hostalen GUR 415 Hostalen GUR 4150 Hostalen GUR 4150HP Hostalen GUR 4170 Hostalen GUR 4186 Hostalen GUR 432 Hostalen GUR 7225P Hostalen GUR 812 Hostalen GUR-VP 405 Hostalen GUR-X 117 Hostalen GUR-X 312 Hostalen GX 554 Hostalen HDPE Hostalen LD-D 1018 Hostalen LD-H 1018 Hostalen LD-J 4024 Hostalen LD-M 1018 Hostalen LD-M 2028VP Hostalen LD-S 1018 Hostalen MPE 80 Hostalen PPT 0170 Huntsman 1031S Huntsman 1080 HWST 235741 Hydrocer 355 Hylamer Hypac Q 507 Hytec E 1000 Hytec E 103A Hytec E 2000 Hytec E 3100 Hytec E 4000 Hytec E 4BS Hytec E 5000 Hytec E 5060 Hytec E 6000 Hytec E 6020R Hytec E 6200 Hytec E 6314 Hytec E 68A Hytec E 7058 Hytec E 8237 Hytec E 8852 Hytec E 9014 Hytec S 312 Icorene RT 70 Icotex 520-5016 Idemitsu 520MB Idemitsu 640uF Idemitsu HD 211J Idemitsu HD 230J Idemitsu HD 445M Idemitsu HDPE 130J Imaflex HD Double White Impax UHMW Indothene 1005FY20 Indothene 16MA400 Indothene 20CA002 Indothene 20XL020 Indothene 22FA002 Indothene 24FS040 Indothene 24MA040 Indothene 26MA200 Indothene FS 300 Indothene HD 52MA065 Indothene HD 58MA075 Indothene HD-GC-EXP 8A Inducos 14/2 Inhance UH 1250 Inhance UH 1700 Insite 5940 Insite 8803 Insite XU 58200.02 Insite XU 58200.03 Ipethene 100 Ipethene 300 Ipethene 320 Ipethene 4203 Ipethene 600 Ipethene 800 Ipethene 900 Irapol 5620 Irrathene Irrathene R IUPAC-A IUPAC-B IUPAC-C IUPAC-X Ivithene J 60-1700-173 Jonifol J-REX 4551H J-REX 5503D J-REX A 6080A J-REX E 710 J-REX E 780 J-REX F 102 J-REX F 124Z J-REX F 30EE J-REX F 6200FD J-REX F 6200V J-REX FX 0433-3 J-REX HD J-REX HD 2010HF J-REX HD 5050 J-REX HD 5110 J-REX HD-E 707 J-REX HD-E 710 J-REX HD-E 792 J-REX HD-E 807 J-REX HD-F 5002M J-REX HD-F 5010 J-REX HD-F 6200V J-REX HD-KB 285A J-REX HD-KBX 44A J-REX HD-KBY 47C J-REX HD-KEZ 51L J-REX HD-KF 265 J-REX HD-KF 265A J-REX HD-KL 350A J-REX HD-KL 471A J-REX HD-KM 490K J-REX HD-KM 568A J-REX HD-KM 590L J-REX HD-KM 693W J-REX HD-KM 768A J-REX HD-KM 807A J-REX HD-KV 175N J-REX HD-SS 5003B J-REX HF 21S J-REX JE 121N J-REX JE 301N J-REX JF 424S J-REX JF 536A J-REX JF 630S J-REX JH 606H J-REX JH 606N J-REX JH 607C J-REX JH 607D J-REX JH 778K J-REX JH 807A J-REX JM 511N J-REX JM 901N J-REX JM 906A J-REX JZ 430S J-REX KBY 47C J-REX KC 980A J-REX KE 051Z J-REX KF 265A J-REX KM 640A J-REX KM 890K J-REX KM 908A J-REX L 170 J-REX L 185 J-REX L 211 J-REX LD-F 122 J-REX LD-F 22N J-REX LD-F 30EE J-REX LD-F 31 J-REX LD-F 31N J-REX LD-JF 121N J-REX LD-JF 214A J-REX LD-JF 330S J-REX LD-JH 606N J-REX LD-JK 121A J-REX LD-JM 606A J-REX LD-JM 608A J-REX LD-JM 901N J-REX LD-JM 906A J-REX LD-JM 910N J-REX LD-JMA 07A J-REX LD-JZ 606N J-REX LD-JZ 788K J-Rex LD-KF 251 J-REX LD-L 133K J-REX LD-L 211 J-REX LD-M 14 J-REX LD-M 201 J-REX LD-W 2000 J-REX LD-W 3000 J-REX LZ 0139-2 J-REX S 6008G J-REX W 3300 J-REX XF 111-8 J-REX XM 111-1 J-Rex Z 606N K 38-20-138 K 44-24-122 Kabuseru Kaitoramimeito E 33 Kaitoramimeito S Kaldnes Carrier Element-Modified Kaldnes Carrier Element-Original Karariyan Karariyan Y Kazanlit Keiyo Polyethy M 6910 Kernel 260T Kernel 5S560 Kernel 64FT Kernel KF 560T Kernel KS 240T Kernel KS 56 Kernel KS 570 Kohjin Metaroesu Kohjin Polyset UM Kohjin Wrap Komponor PE 3-03 Kosumogeru KPIC-P 301BL L 4261AQ404 Lacotene Lacqten 1002CJ Lacqten 1002CN22 Lacqten 1002CS22 Lacqten 1003 Lacqten 1003FE Lacqten 1003FE30 Lacqten 1008FH24 Lacqten 1020CN23 Lacqten 1020FN18 Lacqten 1020FN24 Lacqten 1055MN20 Lacqten 1070 Lacqten 1070MN040 Lacqten 1070MN18 Lacqten 1200MN18 Lacqten 1200MN26C Lacqten 1200MN8 Lacqten 1700N18C Lacqten 2001TN46 Lacqten 2002SN58 Lacqten 2003SN53 Lacqten 2008SN60U Lacqten 2010SA60 Lacqten 2020 Lacqten 2020SN51 Lacqten 2040ML55 Lacqten 2040MN55 Lacqten 2041ML50 Lacqten 8284 Lacqten FB 3010 Lacqten HD 2035 Lacqten HD 2090 Lacqten LA 0710 Lacqten LD 0304 Lacqten X 10B Ladene M 200056 Ladene M 80064 Ladene M 80064R Lagotene MD 2002 Lamiron II-H Lanco Glid TD Lanco Glidd KH Lanco PE-W 1555 Lanco Wax PE 1502 LB Coat LB-PE LD 2101TN00 LD 2402TC32 LDPE 108-02-20 LDPE 1808AN00 LDPE 20020P LDPE 5004IM LDPE 9510-50 LDPE F 2201 LDPE-EXP 2184 LDPE-R 300UD Lennite Leunawachs 810 Licolub H 12 Licomer TMW 1 Licomont EK 583 Licomont EK 583G Licowax PE 130 Licowax PE 170 Licowax PE 190 Licowax PE 250 Licowax PE 520 Licowax PE 810 Licowax PED 190 Licowax PED 822 Lightlon Lightlon S LINEAR LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE Linirex AF 3280 Linirex AR 3720 Linpac H 750 Lioflat W Lioflat W 2563T Lioflat W 3531 Lioflat W 7768 Lion Board CH 10 Liquitron 440 Liten 22-402 Liten 22-502 Liten 23102 Liten 23-107 Liten 24102 Liten 24107 Liten 27102 Liten 27107 Liten 27202 Liten FB 33 Liten GO 62 Liten MB 52 Liten MB 60 Liten MB 62 Liten MB 66 Liten MB 82 Liten Ph 10 Liten TB 38 Liten VB 33 Liten VB 33P Liten VL 10 Liten ZB 70 Liten ZO 62 LL-XMTM LNP-PDX-F 98-385 Lotrene Lotrene 2A 210 Lotrene 3030 Lotrene 3217 Lotrene CD 0302 Lotrene CX 3640 Lotrene FA 0158 Lotrene FB 3003 Lotrene FB 3010 Lotrene FB 5005 Lotrene FB 5032 Lotrene FB 7000 Lotrene FB 8000 Lotrene FD 0274 Lotrene FD 0340 Lotrene FE 3830 Lotrene FE 7040 Lotrene FX 3680 Lotrene LA 0710 Lotrene TE 3017 Low Density Polyethelene LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE LPLD 15804-003 LPPE 288-84 Lubaprint 405/10X Lubaprint LD 1 Lubmer 5000 Lubmer L 3000 Lubmer L 4000 Lubmer L 4000P Lubmer L 5000P Lubmer TM 81B Lucofin 1410 Lucotene F 3802B Lukoten F 3802 Lupic HR Lupic L Lupic T/D Lupolen 1010H Lupolen 1030K Lupolen 1441D Lupolen 1800D Lupolen 1800H Lupolen 1800M Lupolen 1800S Lupolen 1800SP15 Lupolen 1800SPAS Lupolen 1801E Lupolen 1804H Lupolen 1810 Lupolen 1810D Lupolen 1810H Lupolen 1810S Lupolen 1811H Lupolen 1812 Lupolen 1812D Lupolen 1812DSK Lupolen 1812DXSK Lupolen 1812E Lupolen 1817HX Lupolen 181OF Lupolen 1840 Lupolen 1840D Lupolen 1840H Lupolen 1852H Lupolen 1900H Lupolen 2000H Lupolen 2003H Lupolen 2010JX Lupolen 2012D Lupolen 2400F Lupolen 2404F Lupolen 2410F Lupolen 2410S Lupolen 2410T Lupolen 2420 Lupolen 2420D Lupolen 2420F Lupolen 2420H Lupolen 2420K Lupolen 2426 Lupolen 2430H Lupolen 2441D Lupolen 2510JX Lupolen 2910 Lupolen 3010K Lupolen 3020 Lupolen 3020D Lupolen 3020H Lupolen 3020K Lupolen 3026F Lupolen 3026HK Lupolen 3034H Lupolen 3220D Lupolen 3220F Lupolen 3220K Lupolen 3621D Lupolen 3721C Lupolen 4220D Lupolen 4261 Lupolen 4261A Lupolen 4261AG Lupolen 4261AQ135 Lupolen 4261AQ149 Lupolen 4261AQ444 Lupolen 4261A-SW63200 Lupolen 4552D Lupolen 5011K Lupolen 5021D Lupolen 5031D Lupolen 5031L Lupolen 5041D Lupolen 5041Z Lupolen 5052C Lupolen 5260Z Lupolen 5261 Lupolen 526125 Lupolen 5261Z Lupolen 5270Z Lupolen 5280HX Lupolen 5361A Lupolen 5431P Lupolen 5621D Lupolen 5621Z-HI Lupolen 5661B Lupolen 5661BX Lupolen 6000L Lupolen 6001D Lupolen 6001H Lupolen 6011 Lupolen 6011DX Lupolen 6011H Lupolen 6011HX Lupolen 6011L Lupolen 6021D Lupolen 6021DX Lupolen 6031 Lupolen 6031HX Lupolen 6031M Lupolen 6031MX Lupolen 6041 Lupolen 6041D Lupolen 6041DX Lupolen 6042D Lupolen 6080M Lupolen A 2452D Lupolen K 1800S Lupolen KR 1032 Lupolen KR 1051 Lupolen KR 1257 Lupolen L 1800H Lupolen L 1800S Lupolen L 1810D Lupolen L 1810S Lupolen L 1820H Lupolen L 4261AQ404 Lupolen L 6041D Lupolen N Lupolen UHM 201 Lupolen UHM 300 Lupolen V 2910K Lupolene 4261 Lusotene FBD 1003 Lutene BB 0800 Lutene CB 2030 Lutene H-ME 9180 Lutene H-PE 0235 Luvitol PE 10 Luwax A Luwax AF 31 Luwax AFS Luwax AL 61 Luwax EAS 5 Luwax EVA 2 Lyondell M 6030 Lytron S 41 M 18D022(18E) Macrostan Malen 23D022 Malen E Malen E 002G1 Malen E 1307C Malen E-FABS 23D022 Malen E-FGNX 23D022 Malen E-GGNX 18D003 Malen E-GGNX 23D022 Malen EI 020GO Malen E-KAPC 33 Malen E-KGAP 27 Malen E-PE-PFS 4020 Malen E-PFN 2003 Malen E-PFS 4020 Manolene 3802 Manolene 47100 Manolene 6001 Manolene 6002 Manolene 6003 Manolene 6035 Manolene 6045 Manolene 6050 Manolene 6095 Manolene ER 630NS Marflex 1019 MarFlex 4517 Marflex 5355 MarFlex 9607 MarFlex 9607XD Marflex 9608XD MarFlex 9659 MarFlex PE 5428 Mark FC 113 Mark FE 113 Marlex 1003 Marlex 16007 Marlex 4601 Marlex 4810 Marlex 4903 Marlex 50100 Marlex 5050 Marlex 50-60 Marlex 5202 Marlex 5502BN Marlex 55035 Marlex 55180 Marlex 5565 Marlex 5580 Marlex 56020 Marlex 6001 Marlex 6002 Marlex 6003 Marlex 6006 Marlex 6006L Marlex 6007 Marlex 6009 Marlex 6015 Marlex 6030 Marlex 6050 Marlex 6060 Marlex 6080 Marlex 9235 Marlex 9346 Marlex BMN 5565 Marlex BX 672 Marlex CL 100 Marlex CL 50 Marlex EAM 6006 Marlex EHM 6001 Marlex EHM 6003 Marlex EHM 6006 Marlex EHM 6007 Marlex EHM 606 Marlex EHN 6030 Marlex EMB 6050 Marlex EMB 6060 Marlex EMN 6030 Marlex EMN 6080 Marlex EMN-TR 885 Marlex HHM 4903 Marlex HHM 4903X Marlex HHM 5202BN Marlex HHM 5502BN Marlex HHM-TR 140 Marlex HHM-TR 144 Marlex HHM-TR 230 Marlex HMN 4550-03 Marlex HMN 6060 Marlex HXM 50100 Marlex HXM-TR 570 Marlex KN 226 Marlex M 309 Marlex M 525 Marlex M 8000 Marlex MWN 6060 Marlex TR 130 Marlex TR 161 Marlex TR 226 Marlex TR 232 Marlex TR 250 Marlex TR 480 Marlex TR 512 Marlex TR 571 Marlex TR 704 Marlex TR 855 Marlex TR 880 Marlex TR 885 Marlex TR 906 Marlex TR 960 Meikatex HP 602A Meikatex HP 70 Meikatex PE 140 Meikatex PEN Meikatex SO Membrane 113-2 Membrane UPE MGNX 18D090 M-I Michem 32535 Michem 37140 Michem 93135 Michem Emulsion 09730 Michem Emulsion 45745 Michem Emulsion 58035 Michem Emulsion 93135 Michem Emulsion 98040M1 Michem Emulsion Fglass X 9M Michem Lube 18325 Michem Lube 43040 Michem Lube 61335 Michem Lube 74040 Michem Lube 743 Michem Lube ML 190 Microblue Spectrabeads Microflat CE 155 Microflat CJ 173 Microflat N 13 Microflat SG 2 Microlene LD-XJF 143/17 Micropol L 7 Microscrub 50PC Microscrub 80PC Microsuntec Microsuntec L 50P Microsuntec R 340P Microsuntec S 360P Microsuntec UH 900 Microthene Microthene 510 Microthene 702 Microthene 704 Microthene 710 Microthene 720 Microthene FA 520 Microthene FA 700-00 Microthene FA 709-00 Microthene F-FN 501-11 Microthene FN 310 Microthene FN 500 Microthene FN 510 Microthene FN 510-00 Microthene FN 519-00 Microthene GMN 711-20 Microthene MA 778 Microthene MA 795-00 Microthene ML 733 Microthene MN 701 Microthene MN 710-20 Microthene MN 711-20 Microthene MN 714 Microthene MN 722 Microthene MN 722-00 Microthene MN 725-20 Microthene MN 727 Microthene MN 754-18 Microthene MP 643-661 Microthene N 710 Microthene TN 510 Mikroten Milarin J 443 Million 145M Million 240M Million 240S Million 340M Million 630M Million-Hizex Minafoam Miothene 35 Miothene 70 Mipelon 220 Mipelon XH 220 Mipelon XM Mipelon XM 200 Mipelon XM 210 Mipelon XM 220 Mipelon XM 220M Mipelon XM 221U Miporon Film Miramat Miramat 210 Mirason Mirason 100L Mirason 102 Mirason 104 Mirason 1070 Mirason 10L Mirason 10P Mirason 11P Mirason 1250BK Mirason 12P Mirason 141 Mirason 14P Mirason 16P Mirason 16SP Mirason 16SP0 Mirason 16SPO Mirason 1770P Mirason 18SP Mirason 206 Mirason 206P Mirason 3530 Mirason 401 Mirason 402 Mirason 403P Mirason 50P Mirason 50W Mirason 68P Mirason 9725 Mirason ACE 30N Mirason B 319 Mirason B 324 Mirason C 2494 Mirason C 2499 Mirason C 2514 Mirason C 2604P Mirason CS-C 249-20 Mirason F 102 Mirason F 212 Mirason F 312 Mirason F 41 Mirason F 951-4 Mirason F 967 Mirason F 9673P Mirason F 972-5 Mirason F 980P Mirason FL 60 Mirason G 16 Mirason H 616-3 Mirason J 444P Mirason M 104 Mirason M 10p Mirason M 11 Mirason M 11P Mirason M 12P Mirason M 14P Mirason M 15 Mirason M 16 Mirason M 16P Mirason M 16SP Mirason M 18P Mirason M 206 Mirason M 206P Mirason M 401 Mirason M 50 Mirason M 53 Mirason M 68 Mirason M 9 Mirason NE 023H Mirason NEO 023H Mirason Neo 23H Mirason OXJ 413 Mirason P 206 Mirason SP 16 Mirathen Mirathen 1313 Mirathen 1350 Mirathen A 13EA Mirathen AL 21FA Mirathen CY 7423 Miravithen A 17 Misco AC 392 Mitsubishi Polyethy HY 330 Mitsubishi Polyethy JY 20A Mitsui Hiwax 110P Mitsui Hi-wax 200PF Mitsui Hiwax 210P Mitsui Hi-wax NL 100 Mitsui Hiwax NL 500 Mitusi 2022D Mobil H-UP 921 Modic AP-H 503 Modic HD-HJ 330 Moldex S 141 Moldex S 241 Montell 1900LCM Moplen RO Moplen RO-QG 6015 Moplen ROZB 5000 Moplen ROZB 5015 Moretec 0168 Moretec 0438 Moretec V 0398 Moropol 700 Moullembal Multilene D 500 Mutec M 500R Mutec T 400R Mxsite 78102 Mykon SF Mykon SF 40 Mystolube S NA 961000/H3JC33 Nalgene Natene 54000AA00100F Natene 55010AG Natene 55010AG00100F Natene 60020AG Natene 60130 Natene 60550 Natene 60550AG Natene 60550AG00100F Neo Cover 1150 Neoparax 3555 Neopolen Neopolen 30N Neopolen N 1710 Neosoftlon 3005 Neowax ACL Neowax AL Neowax CL Neowax CL 70 Neowax L Neowax LS Neo-zex Neo-zex 2006H Neo-zex 20200J Neo-zex 4005MY Neo-zex 4010B Neo-zex 4060J Neo-zex 45150 Neo-zex 50300 Neo-zex 65150B Neptune 1N1 Netlon FOTRX 98 Newkem TN 2950 Newlight NL-AS-B Newlite NL-W Nimelec CWN 201 Nipolon 175 Nipolon 203 Nipolon F 156 Nipolon L 9421 Nipolon L 9429 Nipolon L-F 10R Nipolon L-LW 04-1 Nipolon LM 30 Nipolon S-FW 05 Nipolon SS Nipolon Z-CY 12 Nipolonhard 1000 Nipolonhard 1200 Nipolonhard 2000 Nipolonhard 2300 Nipolonhard 2400 Nipolonhard 400 Nipolonhard 4000 Nipolonhard 4020 Nipolonhard 4200 Nipolonhard 4D07A Nipolonhard 5100 Nipolonhard 5400 Nipolonhard 5600 Nipolonhard 5700 Nipolonhard 6000 Nipolonhard 6100A Nipolonhard 6200 Nipolonhard 6300 Nipolonhard 6510 Nipolonhard 7300A Nipolonhard 8200 Nipolonhard 8300A Nipolonhard 8600A Nissan 1150 Nissan Chemical 3070 Nisseki Rexlon F 102 Nisseki Rexlon F 105 Nisseki Rexlon F 12S Nisseki Rexlon F 22 Nisseki Rexlon F 22N Nisseki Rexlon F 30 Nisseki Rexlon F 30EE Nisseki Rexlon F 31 Nisseki Rexlon F 311 Nisseki Rexlon F 311EE Nisseki Rexlon F 312 Nisseki Rexlon F 3122 Nisseki Rexlon F 41 Nisseki Rexlon F 504 Nisseki Rexlon J 40 Nisseki Rexlon J 50 Nisseki Rexlon J 61 Nisseki Rexlon J 69 Nisseki Rexlon J 79 Nisseki Rexlon L 401 Nisseki Rexlon L 4901 Nisseki Rexlon L 501 Nisseki Rexlon L 504 Nisseki Rexlon M 14 Nisseki Rexlon M 15 Nisseki Rexlon M 201 Nisseki Rexlon M 22 Nisseki Rexlon V 351 Nisseki Rexlon V 550 Nisseki Rexlon W 1010 Nisseki Rexlon W 2000 Nisseki Rexlon W 2040 Nisseki Rexlon W 3000 Nisseki Rexlon W 3300 Nisseki Staflene E 503 Nisseki Staflene E 503D Nisseki Staflene E 605T Nisseki Staflene E 650 Nisseki Staflene E 703 Nisseki Staflene E 704 Nisseki Staflene E 707 Nisseki Staflene E 710 Nisseki Staflene E 750 Nisseki Staflene E 780 Nisseki Staflene E 780C Nisseki Staflene E 791 Nisseki Staflene E 792 Nisseki Staflene E 801 Nisseki Staflene E 802 Nisseki Staflene E 807 Nisseki Staflene E 807F Nisseki Staflene E 809 Nisseki Staflene E 809H Nisseki Staflene E 809M Nisseki Staflene E 880 Nisseki Staflene E 880C Nisseki Staflene E 891 Nisseki Staflene E 903 Nisseki Staflene FX 0433-3 Noblen MK 40 Nopco PEM 17 Nopcote PEM 17 Norchem 1014 Norchem 3404 Norchem 553 Norchem 6206 Norchem 952 Norchem 953 Norchem 963 Norchem H 952 Norchem NPE 831 Norchem NPE 953 Norchem NPP 3024 Normacord Circular Northern 941 Nova LF 0521A Novacor 1008 Novacor 1011 Novacor 219 Novacor 219A Novapol HB-W 355 Novapol HD 2100U Novapol HD 4045 Novapol LA 0124 Novapol LA 0124A Novapol LA 0218AF Novapol LA 0219A Novapol LC 0517A Novapol LC 0522A Novapol LC 0717A Novapol LF 0219A Novapol LF 0323A Novapol LF-Y 819 Novapol LF-Y 819A Novapol LF-Y 819C Novapol LF-Y 819D Novapol PF 0118 Novapol TR 0535U Novarex JV 040 Novarex L Novatec 131 Novatec 2522 Novatec AP-AX 133E Novatec AP-XA 133E Novatec BR 002 Novatec BT 002 Novatec BU 004 Novatec BU 004U Novatec BU 007U Novatec EP 002 Novatec Et 010 Novatec F 121 Novatec F 131 Novatec F 155 Novatec F 161 Novatec F 250 Novatec F 251 Novatec HB 310 Novatec HB 330 Novatec HB 431 Novatec HD Novatec HD-FY 30 Novatec HDH 560 Novatec HD-HB 111R Novatec HD-HB 210R Novatec HD-HB 214R Novatec HD-HB 220R Novatec HD-HB 233R Novatec HD-HB 310 Novatec HD-HB 330 Novatec HD-HB 331R Novatec HD-HB 332 Novatec HD-HB 332E Novatec HD-HB 332R Novatec HD-HB 410R Novatec HD-HB 420R Novatec HD-HB 422R Novatec HD-HB 422RP Novatec HD-HB 430 Novatec HD-HB 431 Novatec HD-HB 439 Novatec HD-HB 442R Novatec HD-HB 530 Novatec HD-HB 532N Novatec HDHE 121 Novatec HD-HE 481 Novatec HD-HE 490 Novatec HD-HE 492 Novatec HD-HF 111 Novatec HD-HF 310 Novatec HD-HF 313 Novatec HD-HF 562 Novatec HD-HJ 330 Novatec HD-HJ 340 Novatec HD-HJ 360 Novatec HD-HJ 371 Novatec HD-HJ 381 Novatec HD-HJ 451 Novatec HD-HJ 490 Novatec HD-HJ 550 Novatec HD-HJ 560 Novatec HD-HJ 580 Novatec HD-HS 430P Novatec HD-HY 330B Novatec HD-HY 331 Novatec HD-HY 340 Novatec HD-HY 430 Novatec HD-HY 540 Novatec HD-LY 20 Novatec HE 30 Novatec HE 481 Novatec HF 310 Novatec HF 410 Novatec HJ 290 Novatec HJ 340 Novatec HJ 360 Novatec HJ 49 Novatec HJ 490 Novatec HJ 560 Novatec HJ 562 Novatec HJ 580 Novatec HJ 580N Novatec HJ 590N Novatec H-JT 200 Novatec HY 330 Novatec HY 331 Novatec HY 430 Novatec HY 430P Novatec HY 530 Novatec HY 540 Novatec JA 030 Novatec JP 200 Novatec JS 050 Novatec JSO 50 Novatec JT 200 Novatec JUO 80 Novatec JV 040 Novatec JV 060 Novatec JV 070 Novatec JV 070S Novatec JV 080 Novatec JVO 40C Novatec JVO 80 Novatec JVU 080 Novatec KL 281A Novatec L Novatec L 300 Novatec L 320 Novatec LA 320 Novatec LB 420M Novatec LC Novatec LC 500 Novatec LC 503 Novatec LC 520 Novatec LC 560 Novatec LC 600A Novatec LC 604 Novatec LC 607 Novatec LC 607K Novatec LC 620 Novatec LC 701 Novatec LC 706 Novatec LC 720 Novatec LD Novatec LD-EH 30 Novatec LD-FL 243M Novatec LD-FZ 038 Novatec LD-HE 30 Novatec LD-HJ 560 Novatec LD-IJ 803 Novatec LD-LC 500 Novatec LD-LC 522 Novatec LD-LC 525 Novatec LD-LC 600A Novatec LD-LC 604 Novatec LD-LC 607 Novatec LD-LC 607K Novatec LD-LC 701 Novatec LD-LC 706 Novatec LD-LC 720 Novatec LD-LE 425 Novatec LD-LF 122 Novatec LD-LF 125E Novatec LD-LF 125L Novatec LD-LF 128 Novatec LD-LF 240 Novatec LD-LF 241E Novatec LD-LF 280 Novatec LD-LF 280H Novatec LD-LF 320H Novatec LD-LF 405 Novatec LD-LF 420M Novatec LD-LF 423M Novatec LD-LF 440 Novatec LD-LF 440B Novatec LD-LF 440C Novatec LD-LF 440HB Novatec LD-LF 440M Novatec LD-LF 441B Novatec LD-LF 441MD Novatec LD-LF 443 Novatec LD-LF 480M Novatec LD-LF 525H Novatec LD-LF 542H Novatec LD-LF 547 Novatec LD-LF 580 Novatec LD-LF 625H Novatec LD-LF 660H Novatec LD-LH 100N Novatec LD-LJ 092 Novatec LDLJ 605 Novatec LD-LJ 800 Novatec LD-LJ 801N Novatec LD-LJ 802 Novatec LD-LJ 900N Novatec LD-LJ 902 Novatec LD-LS 162N Novatec LD-LS 500 Novatec LD-MS 30 Novatec LDPE LF 521H Novatec LD-UF 641 Novatec LD-YF 30 Novatec LD-ZE 41 Novatec LD-ZF 33 Novatec LE 120 Novatec LE 425 Novatec LF 100 Novatec LF 120 Novatec LF 129 Novatec LF 131 Novatec LF 240 Novatec LF 250 Novatec LF 325M Novatec LF 405M Novatec LF 420M Novatec LF 423 Novatec LF 440B Novatec LF 440M Novatec LF 441B Novatec LF 441MD Novatec LF 443 Novatec LF 480M Novatec LF 521H Novatec LF 540 Novatec LF 542H Novatec LF 580 Novatec LF 581X Novatec LF 641M Novatec LF 660H Novatec LH 100N Novatec LH 440HB Novatec LJ 600 Novatec LJ 603 Novatec LJ 80 Novatec LJ 800 Novatec LJ 803 Novatec LJ 900 Novatec LJ 900N Novatec LJ 903 Novatec L-L 300 Novatec L-L 320 Novatec LM 3 Novatec L-M 420 Novatec LP 200N Novatec LS 500A Novatec LY 20 Novatec M 400 Novatec PP-HY 540 Novatec SF 240B2 Novatec X 525 Novatec YF 30 Novatec ZE 41 Novex 19N430 Novex LD 1302AA Novex LD 1402AA Novex LD 1407KJ Novex LD 5310AA Novex LD 5310MH Novex LD 5320AA Novex LM 2010A Novex LM 2020AA Novtec HD-HY 330B NWP 7050-62 NWP 8950-41 Okiten F 22R5B Okiten G 23 Opcel LC 150 Opcel LC 300-1 Opcel LC 300-2A Orlen SA Oxychem M 6211 P 10812-020 Padmex 50003 Padmex 55010 Padmex 60003 Padmex 60120 Padmex 60200 Padmex 61070 Padmex 6505 Padmex 65050 Pallownia Super HD Paragon T 1-28370 Global Paragon T 8-17125 Paragon V 1-09015A Paxon 4261A Paxon 8-062 Paxon A 55-060 Paxon AA 55-003 Paxon AA 60-003 Paxon AB 50-003 Paxon AD 60-007 Paxon AF 40-00-3 Paxon AL 55-003 Paxon BA 46-055 Paxon BA 50-100 Paxothene NA 208 PE 100063SDR11 PE 100063SDR17 PE Lite LS 10 PE Wada Clear 50AS Kai 4 PE Wada Clear 50AS Kai 6 Peachcoat SEK 130HT Pearlcomb UHE 400 Pearlene 200HD PE-COMP 1407 PE-CONP 1407 PE-F 18D012 PE-F 18DO12 PE-FAS 18D012 PE-FAS 18D075 PE-FSB 23D022 PE-FSB 23D022Q200 PEG 58-01-4 PE-GA 50D006 PE-H 18D075 PE-HWST PE-K 18D022 PE-LA 500012 PE-LA 50D012 PE-M 130022 PE-M 13D002 PE-M 180022 PE-M 18D022 Pemex 20020 Pemex 20020X Pemex 65050 PE-MSSC 90086 Black Pennlon Penoplen Peony White L 10966M Perapret PE 40 Performa V 216 Performalene 400 Performalene 500 Performalene 655 Performalene 725 Performalene PL Permarin EH 361 Permarin FP 528-150 Permarin FW 53N Permarin KUE 17 Permarin KUE 5 Permarin PN Persoftal PEN Pertol N 856 Petilen F 2-12 Petilen G 03-5 Petilen YY Petilen YY-I 668 Petilen YY-S 0464 Petrolen 1 020GO Petrolen WJF 47 Petrolen WJG 47 Petrolen XDG 33 Petrolite C 4040 Petrolite LX 1-164 Petromont 4210 Petromont 6200 Petrothene Petrothene 0M05A Petrothene 1014 Petrothene 115 Petrothene 1384R Petrothene 145A Petrothene 170 Petrothene 170R Petrothene 172 Petrothene 173 Petrothene 173K Petrothene 173R Petrothene 175 Petrothene 175K Petrothene 175R Petrothene 176 Petrothene 180 Petrothene 180R Petrothene 183 Petrothene 186 Petrothene 186R Petrothene 190 Petrothene 1C058Z Petrothene 202 Petrothene 2021 Petrothene 202R Petrothene 203 Petrothene 204 Petrothene 205 Petrothene 205P Petrothene 207 Petrothene 207R Petrothene 208 Petrothene 212 Petrothene 213 Petrothene 219 Petrothene 220K Petrothene 225 Petrothene 226 Petrothene 248 Petrothene 249 Petrothene 28 Petrothene 286 Petrothene 292 Petrothene 3023 Petrothene 310 Petrothene 3150 Petrothene 3150B Petrothene 339 Petrothene 340 Petrothene 3404B Petrothene 342 Petrothene 345-196 Petrothene 349 Petrothene 350 Petrothene 352 Petrothene 354 Petrothene 356 Petrothene 360 Petrothene 6K02A Petrothene 951 Petrothene DNDA 2630 Petrothene G 808 Petrothene GA 564 Petrothene LB 01000 Petrothene LB 5003 Petrothene LB 703 Petrothene LB 832 Petrothene LB 8320 Petrothene LB 832G Petrothene LB 8520-00 Petrothene LB 861 Petrothene LB 923 Petrothene LB 924 Petrothene LC 731 Petrothene LC 732 Petrothene LC 941 Petrothene LM 6007 Petrothene LM 60070 Petrothene LM 6187 Petrothene LM 8520 Petrothene LR 5900 Petrothene LR 732 Petrothene LR 7320 Petrothene LR 732-00 Petrothene LR 73200-00 Petrothene LR 734001 Petrothene LS 3150-00 Petrothene LS 4040-00 Petrothene LS 556 Petrothene LS 6040 Petrothene LS 606 Petrothene LS 6081-00 Petrothene LS 6180-00 Petrothene LS 630 Petrothene LS 901 Petrothene LS 9010-46 Petrothene LT 6009 Petrothene LT 6180 Petrothene LT 6194-69 Petrothene LW 04 Petrothene LY 660 Petrothene LY 660000 Petrothene Mighty-AA Petrothene N 208 Petrothene NA Petrothene NA 112 Petrothene NA 117-000 Petrothene NA 143 Petrothene NA 151 Petrothene NA 202 Petrothene NA 204-000 Petrothene NA 206 Petrothene NA 208 Petrothene NA 209 Petrothene NA 210 Petrothene NA 211 Petrothene NA 213 Petrothene NA 216-000 Petrothene NA 219 Petrothene NA 227 Petrothene NA 270 Petrothene NA 310-06 Petrothene NA 324 Petrothene NA 344 Petrothene NA 345 Petrothene NA 353 Petrothene NA 355 Petrothene NA 471xK2 Petrothene NA 596 Petrothene NA 597 Petrothene NA 598-00 Petrothene NA 601 Petrothene NA 601-00-04 Petrothene NA 601-04 Petrothene NA 603-04 Petrothene NA 605 Petrothene NA 605-04 Petrothene NA 80733 Petrothene NA 80905 Petrothene NA 820-000 Petrothene NA 831-000 Petrothene NA 940 Petrothene NA 940-000 Petrothene NA 951 Petrothene NA 951-000 Petrothene NA 952 Petrothene NA 957 Petrothene NA 957-000 Petrothene NA 960 Petrothene NA 960000 Petrothene NA 964-085 Petrothene NC 11PW Petrothene NM 15PW Petrothene P 204 Petrothene PE 208 Petrothene PEV 007 Petrothene XL 5421 Petrothene XL 6301 PEVD 10803-020 PEVD 153-10K PEVD 158030-020 Pexidan A/T Philjo 600W Pilene PF 4577F Pilene Ultra 2504 Plageo TZ Plantgard Plascoat NG 10 Plaskon 617A Plaskon AA 55-003 Plaskon PP 60-002 Plaskon SS 50-090 Plastazote Plastazote X 1016 Plastipore Plastopolymer Plastotrans A/T Plastronga Plastylene CD 302 Plastylene MA 2003 Plastylene MA 7007 PLX 6101RQP Polara IF 1001 Polene JJ 4324 Polene R 1760 Polene V 1160 Policon PA 60 Polifen 641 Poligen ES 91002 Poligen ES 91003 Poligen PE Poligen WE Poligen WE 1 Poligen WE 6 Poligen WE 7 Poliken 2036 Poliken 2036-25 Poliken 980-20 Poliken 980-25 Poliran HD 0035 Poliran LF 0200 Poliran LF 0450 Politan WIG 47 Politen Politen FGNX 23D Politen I 020 Politen I 020G1 Politen II 003 Politen II 003G1 Politen II 003GO Politen II 020 Politen II 020FO Politen II 020GO Poly Emulsion 316N30 Poly(ethene) Poly(ethylene) POLYAETHYLEN Polyane CT Polyavin PEN Polybatch Abact 399 Polybatch Abact 400L Polycote Poly-Em 20017 Poly-Em 40J Polyemulsion 325N35 Poly-Eth 1017 Poly-Eth HI-D 9106 Poly-Eth HI-D 9416 Polyethy 110J Polyethy 130J Polyethy 520B Polyethy 530B Polyethy 550P Polyethy 750LB Polyethy B 5504 Polyethy B 802 Polyethy BR 002 Polyethy BT 002 Polyethy BU 007U Polyethy BV 004 Polyethy E 510 Polyethy E 808 Polyethy E 8082 Polyethy EX 108 Polyethy EY 40 Polyethy F 120 Polyethy F 161 Polyethy F 41 Polyethy F 520 Polyethy GX 600 Polyethy GX 601 Polyethy HB 210R Polyethy HB 320 Polyethy HB 330 Polyethy HD Polyethy HD-BU 004 Polyethy HD-BZ 50A Polyethy HD-BZ 53A Polyethy HD-ER 010 Polyethy HDEY 40 Polyethy HD-EY 40H Polyethy HD-FY 50D Polyethy HD-HB 310 Polyethy HD-HF 310 Polyethy HD-HJ 340 Polyethy HD-HJ 390 Polyethy HD-HJ 560 Polyethy HD-HJ 560W Polyethy HD-HY 331 Polyethy HD-HY 540 Polyethy HD-JS 110 Polyethy HD-JV 070S Polyethy HD-JX 10 Polyethy HD-JX 20 Polyethy HE 30 Polyethy HJ 560 Polyethy HY 330 Polyethy HY 430 Polyethy HY 540 Polyethy J 20S Polyethy JX 10 Polyethy JX 20 Polyethy JY 20A Polyethy L 320 Polyethy LBZF 51 Polyethy LC 606 Polyethy LC 701 Polyethy LD-F 120 Polyethy LD-F 131 Polyethy LD-F 261 Polyethy LD-L 320 Polyethy LD-LC 500 Polyethy LD-LC 520 Polyethy LD-LC 604 Polyethy LD-LE 425 Polyethy LD-LF 240 Polyethy LD-LF 440HB Polyethy LD-LF 540B Polyethy LD-LM 31 Polyethy LD-LM 40 Polyethy LD-LS 162N Polyethy LD-M 400 Polyethy LD-YF 30 Polyethy LD-YM 61 Polyethy LD-ZF 30U Polyethy LD-ZF 51 Polyethy LF 225M Polyethy LF 345M Polyethy LF 440HA Polyethy LF 440HB Polyethy LF 480M Polyethy LJ 805 Polyethy LJ 905 Polyethy LS 31 Polyethy M 680 Polyethy M 690 Polyethy M 691 Polyethy M 850 Polyethy M 8500 Polyethy MV 31 Polyethy PY 20 Polyethy PY 20A Polyethy Q 6910P Polyethy S 6900 Polyethy T 4010 Polyethy T 813 Polyethy Y 20A Polyethy YM-61 Polyethylene POLYETHYLENE HOMOPOLYMER POLYETHYLENE HOMOPOLYMER, DISPERSION POLYETHYLENE WAX Polyethylene Wax 5300 Polyethylene Wax 8600 POLYETHYLENE, HOMOPOLYMER Polygen PE Polyguard E-MG 120PE15 Treat 30+ Polyguide Polyken 980-25 Polylets 120SZ Polylets 90SZ Polylets 90SZP Polylon 393 Polylon A Polylon L 618 Polymag Polymer D Polymir 10803-020 Polymist B 12 Polymist B 6 Polymul CS 81 Polyohm Polypearl QA/Si 416 Polypenco U-PE Polypick 1000 Polypro HD-HY 540 Polysack KT 45 Polyset 2015 Polyset 2025 Polyset 22015 Polyset 2400 Polyset UM Polysion N 2 Polysion N 22 POLYTHENE Polywax 1000 Polywax 1100 Polywax 2000 Polywax 3000 Polywax 400 Polywax 500 Polywax 600 Polywax 650 Polywax 655 Polywax 665 Polywax 725 Polywax 800 Polywax 850 Polywax E 730 Polywax PW 100 Polywax PW 2000 Pomolube PE Porex X 4588 Porex X 4900 Porex X 4913 Porex X 4920 Porex XM 1342 Porirez 200 Poriron 0255 Poriron 393 Poriron 540 Poriron E 10 Poriron TP-W Porolen Porum PU 35 Presto CNC 101515 Presto CNC 10152 Primax UH 1250 Profax A 60-008 Protolube HD-A Puraimusoru PEN PW 1000-80M Q 3201BYC01 Q/SH 010-131-2001 Quantum 204-000 Quantum 285-003 Quantum 345-013 Quantum 4050 Quantum LT 6194-69 Quantum MN 722 Quantum NA 860-008 Quasoft H 560 Quasoft HS 60 Rancowax PE 1500F Rayopeel Super Relene E 52009 Relene M 60-200 Repsol TR 130 Resilin 2710 Resilin 2908 ResinKit 24 ResinKit 25 ResinKit 49 Revinex 1600 Revinex ZON 40 Revolve 5056N307 Revolve M 686 Rexene 1017 Rexene 1020 Rexene 1058 Rexene 2030 Rexene 5080 Rexene 7011 Rexene BN 1078 Rexene PE 1017 Rexene PE 1042CS15 Rexene PE 179 Rexene PE 2030 Rexene PE 5020 Rexene PE 6010 Rexene PE 6014 Rexene XO 849 Rexene XO 860 Rexene XO 862 Rexene XO 873 Rexlon F 102 Rexlon F 105 Rexlon F 22 Rexlon F 30 Rexlon F 30EE Rexlon F 31 Rexlon F 311 Rexlon F 311EE Rexlon F 312 Rexlon F 41 Rexlon J 40 Rexlon J 50 Rexlon J 61 Rexlon J 69 Rexlon J 79 Rexlon L 401 Rexlon L 501 Rexlon L 504 Rexlon M 14 Rexlon V 351 Rexlon W 2000 Rexlon W 2040 Rexlon W 3300 Riblene A 11SAK Riblene A 22SAK Riblene A 42CL Riblene AK 1912 Riblene B 25 Riblene CF 2 Riblene CF 2203 Riblene EF 2100R Riblene EF 2100V Riblene FC 20 Riblene FC 30 Riblene FC 40 Riblene FF 20 Riblene FF 29 Riblene FL 20 Riblene FL 30 Riblene FL 34 Riblene FM 34 Riblene FM 50 Riblene GM 30 Riblene MR 10 Riblene MV 10 Riblene MY 00 Rigidex Rigidex 002-50 Rigidex 006-60 Rigidex 075-60 Rigidex 075-60N Rigidex 140-60 Rigidex 140-60N Rigidex 160-25 Rigidex 2000 Rigidex 3560UA Rigidex 3840-2WA Rigidex 4429 Rigidex 5050 Rigidex 5050EA Rigidex 5211 Rigidex 5226EA Rigidex 5502XA Rigidex 5740UA Rigidex 5802GA Rigidex 6006-60 Rigidex 6070 Rigidex 6070EA Rigidex A 52BB088 Rigidex DFDG 0159 Rigidex H 020 Rigidex H 020-54P Rigidex H 06045P Rigidex H 120-56 Rigidex HD 3840 Rigidex HD 3840UA Rigidex HD 3840UA-W Rigidex HD 3850UA Rigidex HD 5225EA Rigidex HD 5226EA Rigidex HD 5502EA Rigidex HD 5502XA Rigidex HD 5740 Rigidex HD 5740-3UA Rigidex HD 5740AA Rigidex HD 5802 Rigidex HD 5802GA Rigidex HD 5813EA Rigidex HD 59035A Rigidex HD 6070 Rigidex HD 6070EA Rigidex HM 4560EP Rigidex HM 5411 Rigidex HM 5420XP Rigidex HM 5590EA Rigidex PC 00240 Rigidex PC 002-50R968 Rigidex R 101 Rigidex RD 6070FA Rigidex T 50 Rigidex TR 480FS Rigidex type 2 Rigidex XGR 791 Ropoten FB 02-201 Ropoten FB 7-104 Ropoten OV 03-110 Ropothene Ropothene FB 07-104 Ropothene FB 15-204 Ropothene OB 02-102 Ropothene OB 03-101 Ropothene OB 03-110 Rumiten 2745 Sabic 582F094 Sabic A 6016L Sabic M 80063S Sabic PLLM 2024P Saivinol PN 3300 Saivinol PN 3500 Saivinol X 288-369E1 Sanitect Y 16F Sanwax 131P Sanwax 1519 Sanwax 151P Sanwax 152P Sanwax 161P Sanwax 165P Sanwax 171P Sanwax 191P Sanwax 850P Sanwax E 200 Sanwax E 250 Sanwax E 310P Sanwax E 320 Sanwax LEL 250 Sanwax LEL 250P Sanwax LEL 400 Sanwax LEL 400P Sanwax LEL 800 Saprifan HF 300 Sarafan Sarasoft EP Schaettifix 1800 Schaettifix 1820 Schaettifix 1820P1 Schaettifix PE Schatti Fix 1820 Schkopau A 64MA Schkopau A 76MA Schumaform Sclair 15-11E Sclair 19X6 Sclair 2316 Sclair 2512 Sclair 2515 Sclair 2710 Sclair 2712 Sclair 2714 Sclair 2809 Sclair 2818 Sclair 2906M6 Sclair 2907 Sclair 2908 Sclair 2909 Sclair 2911 Sclair 2912 Sclair 2914 Sclair 300LT1 Sclair 35BP Sclair 56B3830 Sclair 8105 Sclair 8305 Sclair 8307 Sclair 8405 Sclair 8504 Sclair 8507G Sclair 915-06E Sclair PE-XXL Sclaircoat SC 7250 Sclairfilm 300LT1 Sclairlink Scolefin Scolefin A 61 Scolefin A 64 Scolefin A 64MA Scolefin A 65MCU Scolefin A 75 Scolefin A 76 Scolefin A 76MA Scolefin PEA 75ZA Scolefin PE-AG 52YC Sekisui Poriron Sekisui SOF-GX 23 Sekisui SOF-HM 22 Sekisui SOF-KA 12L Sepilene 23220 Sepilex HHM 5502 Setela E 25LMS Seycolube C 19 Shamrock S 386 Shamrock S 394N1 Shamrock S 394SP5 Shamrock S 395N5 Sherex HD J-REX Shield Brite C 280 Sholex 2002E Sholex 2010HF Sholex 3004B Sholex 4250HM Sholex 4515F Sholex 4551H Sholex 5003 Sholex 5003E Sholex 5008 Sholex 5020 Sholex 5050 Sholex 5065 Sholex 5100 Sholex 5110 Sholex 5220F Sholex 5305E Sholex 55030 Sholex 5503D Sholex 5521H Sholex 5551Z Sholex 6000 Sholex 6000C Sholex 6002 Sholex 6006 Sholex 6009 Sholex 6009B Sholex 6009M Sholex 6050 Sholex 6060 Sholex 6080 Sholex 6150 Sholex 7150 Sholex 7200F Sholex 720FS Sholex 890E Sholex Allomer TP 6 Sholex Allomer TP 9 Sholex Allomer TPF 1 Sholex BF 056 Sholex C 4309 Sholex F 082 Sholex F 113 Sholex F 131 Sholex F 134 Sholex F 141 Sholex F 171 Sholex F 5010 Sholex F 5012M Sholex F 6010 Sholex F 6040V Sholex F 6050C Sholex F 6080 Sholex F 6080A Sholex F 6080C Sholex F 6200 Sholex F 6200V Sholex FF 5012 Sholex L 121 Sholex L 130 Sholex L 131 Sholex L 133 Sholex L 170 Sholex L 182 Sholex LZ 0139-5 Sholex M 171 Sholex M 221 Sholex M 222 Sholex M 251 Sholex MI Sholex MO 32 Sholex N 5008 Sholex S 4002 Sholex S 4002E Sholex S 4002EX Sholex S 5003B Sholex S 5050 Sholex S 6002 Sholex S 6005A Sholex S 6006C Sholex S 6006M Sholex S 6008 Sholex S 6008FD Sholex SS 5008 Sholex SS 55008 Sholex SS 6008FD Sholex Super Sholex Super 4551H Sholex TP 6 Sholex TP 9 Sholex TPF 1 Sholex XMO 31A Sholex Y 1300B Short Stuff 13038F Short Stuff 13040F Siligen VN Siltek M Simona HML 500 Sinelene TAN 2109 SIPERM-Hp SK Film SKS Film SlimAce SlimAce R SlimAce R 3002 Slip-Ayd SL 177 Slip-Ayd SL 18 Slip-Ayd SL 300 Slip-Ayd SL 31 Slip-Ayd SL 330E Slip-Ayd SL 530 Slip-Ayd SL 92 Slovnaft RB 03-23 SN-Cote 950 Socarex Soeten 277.3 Softener PE Softlon 1001 Softlon 1505 Softlon 3002 Softlon 3004 Softlon 3005 Softlon FR Softlon FR 3002 Softlon FR-ND 3001 Softlon IF 3002 Softlon IF 30025 Softlon NA 33 Softlon S Softlon SK 4004 Softlon SK 4008 Softlon SK 4G Softlon ST Softlon SX 1502 Softrex C 9510 Softrex D 9510 Solefin Solidur 10/100 Solidur 80/100 Soltex B 54-25H96 Soltex F 346B Soltex F 381 Soltex G 60-42 Soltex T 50-200 Soltex T 50-4400 Soltex T 60-1000 Soltex T 60-2000 Soltex XF 337K Soltex XF 397 Solufill Solupor Solupor 10P05A Solupor 16P03 Solupor 3P07A Solupor 7P03 Solupor 7P03A Solupor 7P20 Solupor 8P07A Solutex Solutex C 7A1 Spartech AS 18411 Spencer 2504 Spherilene 6007SO Staflene E 503 Staflene E 503D Staflene E 605T Staflene E 650 Staflene E 703 Staflene E 704 Staflene E 707 Staflene E 710 Staflene E 750 Staflene E 780 Staflene E 791 Staflene E 792 Staflene E 801 Staflene E 802 Staflene E 807 Staflene E 880 Staflene E 880C Staflene E 891 Staflene E 903 Stamylan 1000 Stamylan 1300 Stamylan 1300C Stamylan 1500 Stamylan 1500S Stamylan 1510 Stamylan 1520SX Stamylan 1700 Stamylan 1722 Stamylan 1808 Stamylan 1908 Stamylan 1922T Stamylan 1922Z500 Stamylan 2004TC00 Stamylan 210 Stamylan 2100TN00 Stamylan 2102T Stamylan 2102TX00 Stamylan 2200TC00 Stamylan 2201TH00 Stamylan 2304 Stamylan 2402T Stamylan 2404 Stamylan 2601TX17 Stamylan 2602T Stamylan 2800 Stamylan 2810 Stamylan 3020H Stamylan 3200 Stamylan 3400 Stamylan 3400C Stamylan 3720X Stamylan 410 Stamylan 5731 Stamylan 6621 Stamylan 7048 Stamylan 7890 Stamylan 8108 Stamylan 8200 Stamylan 8400 Stamylan 8621 Stamylan 8946 Stamylan 900 Stamylan 9020 Stamylan 9089F Stamylan 9089U Stamylan 9089V Stamylan 9300 Stamylan 9309 Stamylan 9400 Stamylan 9630 Stamylan 9680 Stamylan 9800 Stamylan BAB 041-220 Stamylan F 0863 Stamylan HD Stamylan HD 2H280 Stamylan HD 6621 Stamylan HD 7058F Stamylan HD 7108 Stamylan HD 7751FC Stamylan HD 8621 Stamylan HD 9089 Stamylan HD 9089F Stamylan HD 9089S Stamylan HD 9089V Stamylan HD 9119 Stamylan HD 9630 Stamylan LD Stamylan LD 1808 Stamylan LD 1808AN00 Stamylan LD 1922T Stamylan LD 1922Z Stamylan LD 1938T Stamylan LD 2008XC43 Stamylan LD 2100 Stamylan LD 2100TN00 Stamylan LD 2101TN00 Stamylan LD 2102 Stamylan LD 2102TN26 Stamylan LD 2102TX00 Stamylan LD 2102Z500 Stamylan LD 2300 Stamylan LD 2304 Stamylan LD 2322 Stamylan LD 2402TC32 Stamylan LD 2404A Stamylan LD 2600TC00 Stamylan LD 2810 Stamylan LD-NC 514 Stamylan UH Stamylan UH 210 Stamylan UH 610 Stamylex 1026F Stamylex 2H280 Stamylex 7058 Stamylex 7359 Stamylex 9089F Stamypor Staprint DFPG 901AN Staprint DFPG 947N Stat-Kon F Statoil 930 Statoil H 870 Statoil H 900 Statoil L 420 Stavrolen 276-73-1232A Stavrolen 276773 Stavrolen 4FE69 Stavrolen PE 4PP25B Stratafilm SF 85 Stratofilm Submicro Suedranol 100 Suedranol 200 Sulene-PE Sumikaron F 101-3 Sumikathene Sumikathene 10P Sumikathene 11P Sumikathene 12 Sumikathene 14P Sumikathene 16P Sumikathene 206P Sumikathene 2603B Sumikathene 705 Sumikathene 708S Sumikathene C 110 Sumikathene C 215 Sumikathene CE 1559 Sumikathene CE 2573 Sumikathene CE 2575 Sumikathene CE 3053 Sumikathene CE 3506 Sumikathene CE 4009 Sumikathene CE 4043 Sumikathene CE 4049 Sumikathene CY 443-3N10 Sumikathene E 104 Sumikathene E 209 Sumikathene E 210 Sumikathene EMB 10 Sumikathene EMB 11 Sumikathene F 101 Sumikathene F 101-1 Sumikathene F 101-3 Sumikathene F 102-0 Sumikathene F 108-1 Sumikathene F 108-2 Sumikathene F 108-4 Sumikathene F 1103 Sumikathene F 114-1 Sumikathene F 200 Sumikathene F 200-0 Sumikathene F 208 Sumikathene F 208-0 Sumikathene F 208-1 Sumikathene F 208-3 Sumikathene F 210-3 Sumikathene F 210-6 Sumikathene F 213B Sumikathene F 216-1 Sumikathene F 218-0 Sumikathene F 218-1 Sumikathene F 221 Sumikathene F 231-1 Sumikathene F 235P Sumikathene F 401 Sumikathene F 404-1 Sumikathene F 411-0 Sumikathene F 412-1 Sumikathene F 6080 Sumikathene F 702 Sumikathene F 702-2 Sumikathene F 702-3 Sumikathene FA 208-0 Sumikathene G 109 Sumikathene G 20 Sumikathene G 201 Sumikathene G 201F Sumikathene G 202 Sumikathene G 210 Sumikathene G 401 Sumikathene G 501 Sumikathene G 701 Sumikathene G 720 Sumikathene G 801 Sumikathene G 804 Sumikathene G 805 Sumikathene G 806 Sumikathene G 807 Sumikathene G 808 Sumikathene GA 807 Sumikathene H 702-2 Sumikathene Hard 2052 Sumikathene Hard 2608 Sumikathene Hard 2723 Sumikathene Hard 3608 Sumikathene KP 119 Sumikathene L 211 Sumikathene L 211F Sumikathene L 402 Sumikathene L 405 Sumikathene L 405H Sumikathene L 430 Sumikathene L 5715 Sumikathene L 5721 Sumikathene L 5816 Sumikathene L 705 Sumikathene L 708 Sumikathene L 716H Sumikathene L 718H Sumikathene L 718II Sumikathene L 719H Sumikathene L 728 Sumikathene L-CL 8071 Sumikathene L-FA 101-0 Sumikathene M 16 Sumikathene PE-MB 6 Sumilit OS 6150 Sumilon E 2035 Sumisheet HDPE Sumisoft LS Sun Map Sun Map HP Sun Map LC Sun Map R Sunfine AQ Sunfine LH Sunfine SH Sunfine UH Sunnylite Sunpelca L 1400 Sunpelca L 2500 Sunpelca L 4000 Sunstar Porijon E 162 Suntec 2270 Suntec B 161 Suntec B 170 Suntec B 180P Suntec B 470S Suntec B 680 Suntec B 872A Suntec B 970 Suntec F 180 Suntec F 1920 Suntec F 2206 Suntec F 2225 Suntec F 2225.2 Suntec F 2225.4 Suntec F 2270 Suntec FD 2206 Suntec Foam Q 05 Suntec Foam Q 25 Suntec HD Suntec HD 345 Suntec HD-B 470 Suntec HDB 870 Suntec HD-B 871 Suntec HD-B 886 Suntec HD-J 240 Suntec HD-J 300 Suntec HD-J 310 Suntec HD-J 311 Suntec HD-J 31O Suntec HD-J 320 Suntec HD-J 340 Suntec HD-J 340P Suntec HD-QB 780 Suntec HDR-J 340 Suntec HD-S 360 Suntec HD-S 360P Suntec J 240 Suntec J 241 Suntec J 300 Suntec J 301 Suntec J 310 Suntec J 320 Suntec J 340 Suntec J 751 Suntec J 751A Suntec L 1640 Suntec L 1850A Suntec L 1850K Suntec L 2340 Suntec L 4470 Suntec LD Suntec LD 1920F Suntec LD 240S Suntec LD-F 1920 Suntec LD-F 2225 Suntec LD-F 2270 Suntec LD-L 1880E Suntec LD-L 1885 Suntec LD-L 2340 Suntec LD-L 4490 Suntec LD-L 6810 Suntec LD-M 1703 Suntec LD-M 1804 Suntec LD-M 1820 Suntec LD-M 2004 Suntec LD-M 2115 Suntec LD-M 2206 Suntec LD-M 2260 Suntec LD-M 2270 Suntec LD-M 2504 Suntec LD-M 6525 Suntec LD-M 6555 Suntec LD-M 7620 Suntec LD-PAK 0025 Suntec LDPE-F 2225 Suntec LL-A 208FM Suntec M 1804 Suntec M 2115 Suntec M 2270 Suntec M 6454 Suntec M 6545 Suntec M 6555 Suntec MI 804 Suntec MZ 3 Suntec PAK 0025 Suntec Q 05 Suntec Q 25 Suntec QS 373 Suntec S 1850K Suntec S 360 Suntec S-A 610 Suntec SH 800 Suntec S-M 710S Super Dylan Super Dylan 6515 Super Dylan 6560 Super Dylan 7004 Super Dylan 7050 Super Dylan 7180 Super Dylan G 96002 Super Dylan SDP 531 Super Dylan SDP 750 Super Dylan SDP 860 Suprathen Suprathen 25 Suprathen C 100 Suprathen L Suprathen NR 200 Suzulon L 105 Suzulon L 185 Suzulon LL 100 Suzulon L-S 201 Suzulon L-S 210 Suzulon S 201 Synthese E 790 T 1-28370 Global T 50-200-01 Taftarex Taika Softlon Taiko FL-LL-XMTN Taisox 8050 Taisox 9000 Taisox 9003 Takathene Takathene P 12 Takathene P 3 Tamapoly M 2 Tatren PE 141E Tekunoru Telcothene Telcothene HD Tenaplas Tenex A Tenite 1001F Tenite 1310E Tenite 1390P Tenite 154DF Tenite 1550F Tenite 1550P Tenite 1801E Tenite 1810F Tenite 1811 Tenite 1830A Tenite 1830F Tenite 1840F Tenite 18BO Tenite 18BOA Tenite 18DOA Tenite 1924P Tenite 2910 Tenite 2918 Tenite 3300 Tenite 3310 Tenite 3340 Tenite 811A Tenite 812A Tenite D 4002P Tenite H 6001 Tenite H 6001A Tenite L 2029C Tenite M 2001P Tenite M 3011P Tensylon Termoplen Termoplen 2 Teslin ED 1200 Teslin SP 1000 Teslin SP 7 Teslin SP 700 Teslin TS 1000 Teslin X 457 Texture 5378W Texture 5384W Texwrite MP 10 Tipelin FE 600-04 Tipelin FS 340-03 Tipolan Tipolen 30015 Tipolen 40019 Tipolen AC 2014 Tipolen AE 1716 Tipolen AE 2210 Tipolen FA 2210 Tipolen FA 244-51 Tipolen FA 381 Tipolen FB 2223 Tipolen FB 2271 Tipolen FB 243-51 Tipolen FB 243-54 Tipolen FC 2014 Tipolen KA 2223-51 Tipolen KA 2321 Tipolen KA 2321S4 Tipolen OF 2019 Tipolen PB 2210 Tipolen PB 2212 Tipolen PB 2223 Titanex HI 2081 Tohcello OPE Topcoat PW-M 10 Toraypef 07008NM00 Toraypef 07011NM00 Toraypef 10004NM00 Toraypef 10008NM00 Toraypef 13060NM00 Toraypef 20030AA00 Toraypef 30040AG00 Toraypef 30040AY05 Toraypef 3006 Toraypef 30060 Toraypef 30300DG00 Toraypef 40080AG00 Toraypef AT 60 Toraypef G Toraytec 7721 Toraytec 7771 Tosoh 05K03A Tosoh 05K04A TP Licocene PE 4201 TPCC 15803-020 Tredegar 25475 Trithene JX 7300 Trithene TS 7003 Trithene TX 8079 Trocellen Trocellen V 03003 Trovidur PE Tuflene Tuftarex Turpex ACN TUX-ECF TUX-FUC TUX-PRC Ubatol FPG 947N Ube Polyethylene C 410 UBE Polyethylene C 790N Ube Polyethylene F 120N Ube Polyethylene F 222 Ube Polyethylene F 522 UBE Polyethylene L 719G UBE-PEP UHMWPE 5010 Ultra Ethylux Ultralube D 815 Ultralube E 340 Ultralube E 842 Ultzex 1530L Ultzex 2010 Ultzex 2080 Ultzex 2100J Ultzex 3020L Ultzex 3520F Ultzex 4050 Ultzex HZ 5000AF Ultzex UZ 3021F Umerit 15200 Umerit 4040F Umerit 4540F Umerit HAO-LL Unicrest Unifos 2900 Unifos 2912 Unifos 70007 Unifos DFD 6005 Unifos DFDS 4444 Unifos DFDS 6600 Unifos DMDS 2900 Unifos DMDS 2912 Unifos DMDS 7032 Unifos Dyob S Unifos EFD 0118 Unilax 760C Unilube 1513 Union Carbide 3310 Union Carbide 6802 Unithene LH 523 Uniton 8020 Unival DMDA 6220 Unival DMDA 6230 Unival DMDA 6400NT7 Unival DMDH 6400 Uniwax A Uniwax B U-Pore EF 4500 U-Pore UP 2015 U-Pore UPZ 063 Valeron Valsof PE 40 Valspex 155-53 Velustral KPA Velustrol 4041 Versaflow Versaflow HV Vestolen 60-16 Vestolen A Vestolen A 3512 Vestolen A 3512R Vestolen A 3515 Vestolen A 4042R Vestolen A 5016F Vestolen A 5041R Vestolen A 6012 Vestolen A 6013 Vestolen A 6014 Vestolen A 6016 Vestolen A 6042 Vestolen A 6042F Vestolen A 6043 Vestolen A 6060R Vestolen A 6069R Vestolen A 616 Vestowax 616SF Vestowax A 409 Vestowax A 616 Vestowax A 616SF Vestowax A 616SG Vestowax A 616XF Vestowax AO 1617 Vestowax X 4118 Vilaterm Vilaterm S Vilaterm SP Viloterm Visapore 8.75 Vispore X 6170 VisQueen Vistamer HD Vistamer HD 1000 Volara A Volara XLEE 1001 Volara XLH 1501 Volara XLS 1001 Voridian 808P Voridian 811A Voridian 812A Voridian D 4002P Voridian D 4042P Vyon HP Wacker 5551 Warifu S Warifu SS Weissen 0252C Weissen 0252H Weissen 0453 Weissen T 40 Westlake 606 Woilomid S 105E XB 81010-25 XD 60001.607 XD 61500.37 XLHDPEGP XS 84672.03 XS 84672.07 XSS 84812.06 XU 58200.02 XU 60021.62 XUS 559900.20 XUS 59900.20 XUS 61800.41 Yodo Sol PE 400 Yuclair BD 800 Yukalon 57L Yukalon AF 30 Yukalon BX 70 Yukalon EC 5113 Yukalon EC 60A Yukalon EC 61 Yukalon EF 30 Yukalon EH 30 Yukalon EX 40 Yukalon EY 40 Yukalon EY 40C Yukalon EY 40L Yukalon EZ 40 Yukalon Hard BX 50 Yukalon Hard EY 40 Yukalon Hard JX 10 Yukalon Hard JX 20 Yukalon Hard JY 20-8 Yukalon HD Yukalon HD-BX Yukalon HD-BX 50 Yukalon HD-BX 70 Yukalon HD-BZ 50 Yukalon HD-EY 40 Yukalon HDEZ Yukalon HD-JX 10 Yukalon HD-JX 20 Yukalon HE 30 Yukalon HE 60 Yukalon HP 30 Yukalon HZ 30 Yukalon JX 10 Yukalon JX 20 Yukalon JX 20-8 Yukalon JY 20 Yukalon JY 20-8 Yukalon K 3200 Yukalon K 3212 Yukalon LF 540B Yukalon LK 30 Yukalon LK 50 Yukalon LK 80 Yukalon LM Yukalon LM 30 Yukalon LM 31 Yukalon LM 40 Yukalon MS 30 Yukalon MS 70 Yukalon MV 30 Yukalon NF 90 Yukalon NH 50 Yukalon NK 90 Yukalon PK 30 Yukalon PM 60 Yukalon PS 30 Yukalon PX 40 Yukalon PY 40 Yukalon PY 40L Yukalon Shell-X 142 Yukalon V 40SE Yukalon YE 30 Yukalon YF Yukalon YF 30 Yukalon YH Yukalon YH 50 Yukalon YK 30 Yukalon YK 50 Yukalon YK 60 Yukalon YS 61 Yukalon ZC 30 Yukalon ZE 61 Yukalon ZF 30 Yukalon ZF 30F Yukalon ZF 36 Yukalon ZF 41 Yukalon ZF 51 Yukalon ZF 53 Yukalon ZH 51 Zotefoam HD 80 DTXSID8031946 9002-86-2 Polyvinyl chloride Polyvinylchloride (latex) Ethene, chloro-, homopolymer 150-255 Natural Adriaplast Air Lite B 3.75 Air Lite B 6.25 Airco 1230P Airex R 63.50 Airex R 63.80 Alkorplan Alkorplast CCO 13 Allpack Alphane AL Amerace Amerace A 30 Amosu MA 307CL Aponil P Arbosol T 700605 Arbosol T-SP 900305 Armodour Aron BL 200 Aron BL 2M11VI-P Aron BL-PL-S 2S6G2P Aron compound BL Aron compound HW Aron NS 1100 Aron TS 1100 Aron TS 1300 Aron TS 700 Aron TS 800 Aron TS 900 Aron V 500W16 Artemis 95A Arutron SSS Astralon Atactic poly(vinyl chloride) Atactic PVC Bakelite OYNV Bakelite QSAH 7 Bakelite QSAN 7 Bakelite QYAC 10 Bakelite QYJV Bakelite QYJV 1 Bakelite QYNV 2 Bakelite QYOH Bakelite QYOH 1 Bakelite QYSJ Bakelite QYSL 7 Bakelite QYTO 7 Bakelite UCA 3310 Bando 13818 Belbien PR 262 Belbien WA 358 Belbien WA 380 Belex XE 770 Benecke 577/E28 Benvic EB 16 Benvic ER 1525-1A Benvic IR 047 BFG 110X377 Blacar 1716 Blacar 1732 Blacar 1738 Boltaron 6200 Bonloid Borden 1071 Borden 26055 Borden TPM 37 Borden VF 71 Bovil Mo 685 Breon 110/10 Breon 111EP Breon 112EP Breon 125/10 Breon 125/12 Breon 130/1 Breon M 110/50 Breon M 80/50 Breon M 90/50 Breon MSO 50 Breon P 130 Breon P 130/1 Breon S 110 Breon S 110/10 Breon S 110/11 Breon S 125/10 Breon S 125/12 Breon S 125/14 BS 12K-Fc65234 Buna S 6069H20 Caliplast Carina 67-01 Carina S 55-02 Carina S 60-12 Carina S 70-01 Carina S 70-71 Chloroethane homopolymer, cellular CHLOROETHENE, HOMOPOLYMER Chloroethylene homopolymerise Chloroethylene polymer Chlorostop Chlorvinil E 66PS Clearflo Clear-Lay Cloisonyl Colorite 9813 Black Conoco 5265 Conoco 5385 Conoco 5425 Conoco 7200 Conticell 80 Contizell Controltac 180-10 Controltac Plus 180-10 Controltac Plus 3500C Corvic 20560600 Corvic 205716 Corvic 20650600 Corvic 206573 Corvic 55/9 Corvic 5716 Corvic 5716/09 Corvic 6209 Corvic 65/50 Corvic C 65/02 Corvic D 55/9 Corvic D 57/15 Corvic D 57/17 Corvic D 60/11 Corvic D 60/13 Corvic D 65 Corvic D 65/02 Corvic D 65/8 Corvic D 6518 Corvic D 75/10 Corvic E 72/660 Corvic H 55/34 Corvic P 65/50 Corvic P 65/54 Corvic P 65/55 Corvic P 67/579 Corvic P 72/754 Corvic P 72/755 Corvic P 7250 Corvic P 75/578 Corvic PB 1702 Corvic R 65/81 Corvic S 110/17 Corvic S 46/70 Corvic S 57/116 Corvic S 62/109 Corvic S 67/111 Corvic S 6721 Corvic S 68/173 Corvic S 704 Corvic S 71/102 Corvic XP 60/68 CYGSA-IF 604 Dacovin Dacovin 2082 Dalvin 1067 Dalvin 1467 Darvic Clear Darvic Clear 025 Daycell Decatone Decelit SO 40/180 Decelith 23002 Decelith 80077 Decelith 87700 Decelith H Del Color Denka Vinyl SH 170 Denka Vinyl SH 250 Denka Vinyl SH 300 Denka Vinyl SS 103 Denka Vinyl SS 110 Denka Vinyl SS 110S Denka Vinyl SS 130 Denka Vinyl SS 70 Denka Vinyl SS 80 Denka Vinyl SS-Y Denka Vinyl TH 500 Devilit E 70 Devilit S 6558 Diamond 426 Diamond 450 Diamond Shamrock 40 Diamond Shamrock 450 Diamond Shamrock 71 Diamond Shamrock 7602 Diofan 193D Divinycell H 100 Divinycell H 130 Divinycell H 200 Divinycell H 250 Divinycell H 30 Divinycell H 45 Divinycell H 60 Divinycell H 80 Divinycell HCP 100 Divinycell HD 250 Divinycell HT 110 Divinycell HT 50 Divinycell HT 70 Divinycell HT 90 Dom-pok Dorlyl GPC 650 Dragons Velphan FE 33PHP Duracap 83974 Duraflec LD 800 Duraform Durofol P Dynadur Ebiron 3005 Eckavyl EF 701 Ederol RS III Ekavyl SD 2 Ekavyl SDF 58 Ekavyl SK 55 Ekavyl SK 60 Ekavyl SK 64 Ekavyl SK 66 Ekavyl SL 66 Episol 440L Epozol SH 106 Escambia 2160 Escambia 2200 Esmedica V Esmedica V 6142E Esteproz Esubiron Ethylene, chloro-, polymers Europhan Evapolish 6521 Evicom GD 2/100 Evicom GD 2/410 Evilon 8520 Evilon CM Evilon HS 727 Evilon TN 8530 Evipol 6852 Evipol EP 6762 Evipol EP 6953 Evipol EP 7050 Evipol EP 7099 Evipol MP 6852 Evipol MP 7076 Evipol MP 7154 Evipol MP 8085 Evipol RP 6953 Evipol SH 5730 Evipol SH 5739 Evipol SH 6020 Evipol SH 6030 Evipol SH 6520 Evipol SH 6530 Evipol SH 6830 Evipol SH 7020 Evipol SH 8020 EX 1430B White 5158 Expanded polyvinyl chloride Fancy Wrap PVC Fiberloc 812 Fiberloc 97510 Fiberloc 97520 Fiberloc 97530 Fibrex D Filmco MW 4 Flamulit ES-PVC 32 Flocor R Folpack Formalon F 24 Formolon 40 Formolon F 24 Formula S 00354 Formura FPC-XR 6379 FriLA VN 381 FriLA VN 383/1 Gaplas T 04/23 Genotherm Genotherm 1002 Genotherm EE 87 Genotherm G Genotherm GE 15 Genotherm N Genotherm TK Genotherm UG Genotherm UG 200 Genotherm V G Geon 100X334 Geon 100X450 Geon 102EP-F5 Geon 103EP7 Geon 103EP8 Geon 103EP80 Geon 103EP8D Geon 103EPF Geon 103EPF10 Geon 103EPF7 Geon 103EPF76 Geon 103EPF76TR Geon 103EPP8 Geon 103FP8 Geon 103ZXA Geon 108EP8 Geon 110X233 Geon 110X334 Geon 110X343 Geon 110X346 Geon 110X377 Geon 110X440 Geon 110X450 Geon 110X477 Geon 110X5GP Geon 120X241 Geon 120X251 Geon 120X283 Geon 121X241 Geon 150X15 Geon 150X22 Geon 180X10 Geon 40X150M Geon 440X110A Geon 663X612 Geon 85796-1240 Geon 86PB230 Geon 87357TRS002 Geon 87770-1274 Geon A 5862 Geon A 5862 Natural 001 Geon E 6950 Geon E 8000 Geon Fiberloc 80510 Geon Fiberloc 80530 Geon HB 2000X10 Geon Latex 151 Geon M 3700 Geon M 3800 Geon M 5200 Geon O 101EP Geon Resin 40X150M Geon SPVC-K 68 Geon ZXSH Georgia Gulf 1091 Georgia Gulf 2066 Georgia Gulf 2100 Georgia Gulf 2110 Georgia Gulf 5385 GR Kuria 200 Grabokid 71C Grabolak 03 Grabolak 04 Grabolak 205NF Grabolak 40 Grabolak 41 Grabolak RV 71 Grabona 402 Grabona 472 Grabona C Guttagena Guttagena K Guttagena T 42 Halvic H 271D Helioscreen Natte 2115 Herex C 71.75ET Hipnil S 710 Hi-S CAL Metalface 70-100 Hi-S Film 111L Hi-S Film 220L Hishi Flex Hishi Plate Hishi Plate 101E Hishi Plate FEEL Hishi Tube Hishirex 302S Hishirex 502 Hishirex 502G Hishirex 502S Hishirex 502Z Hishirex 503 Hispavic 229 Hispavic 367 Hispavic 373 Hispavic 376 Hostalit Hostalit E Hostalit E 1069/072 Hostalit E 2073 Hostalit M 3057 Hostalit M 3070 Hostalit P 4472 Hostalit P 5470 Hostalit P 7078 Hostalit P 9070 Hostalit PVP 3475 Hostalit PVP 5470 Hostalit S Hostalit S 1062 Hostalit S 3168 Hostalit S 4070 Hostalit S 4170 Hydro VY 110/32 Hyvin VN 336/3 Igelite F Igelite P Improved Wilt Pruf Indovin Intraflex Isodamp Isospray Kal-Glas Kaneace KVC 745 Kaneka 1003 Kaneka PSH 10 Kaneka PSH 17 Kaneka PSH 24 Kaneka S 1008 Kanevinyl 10 Kanevinyl 1008 Kanevinyl 20-1536 Kanevinyl 20-1554 Kanevinyl 20-1560 Kanevinyl 25L56 Kanevinyl ES 300 Kanevinyl I 229C Kanevinyl KS 1700 Kanevinyl KS 2500 Kanevinyl NXS 5000 Kanevinyl P 1050 Kanevinyl P 2300 Kanevinyl PBM 10 Kanevinyl PBM 5B Kanevinyl PHS 20 Kanevinyl PHS 660 Kanevinyl PSH 10 Kanevinyl PSH 20 Kanevinyl PSH 33 Kanevinyl PSH 660 Kanevinyl PSL 10 Kanevinyl PSL 280 Kanevinyl PSL 31 Kanevinyl PSL 37A Kanevinyl PSL 675 Kanevinyl PSL 81 Kanevinyl PSM 30 Kanevinyl PSM 31 Kanevinyl PSM 70 Kanevinyl PSM 70C Kanevinyl S 100 Kanevinyl S 1001 Kanevinyl S 1001N Kanevinyl S 1003 Kanevinyl S 1007 Kanevinyl S 1008 Kanevinyl S 1107 Kanevinyl S 2300 Kanevinyl S 400 Kanevinyl XS 4000 KBO-G 30-950100 KE 0005349A0 Klegecell Klegecell H 100 Klegecell H 130 Klegecell R 100 Klegecell R 260 Klegecell R 300 Klegecell R 75 Klegecell R 75-82 KM Film Kobasol 2X 084N906 Kobasol KAB Kohiner R 687 Krephane Krovlelon A Krovlelon G Krovlelon U Kureha S 9008 Kureha S 901 Kureha S 903 Kyodo Vinyl CS 1100 Kyodo Vinyl SL Lacovyl PB 1172H Lacovyl PB 1302 Lacovyl PS 1050 Lacovyl S 071S Lacovyl S 091 Lacovyl S 091S Lacovyl S 110P Lacovyl S 111 Lacovyl SK 70 Ladene 67SG Lak Kh SL Light Stone Lonza 380ES Lonza G Lonzavyl E 722 Lucarex 377B141 Lucky LP 170 Lucoflex Lucolene BTS 140A7 Lucovyl BB 800 Lucovyl BB 8010 Lucovyl BB 9010 Lucovyl DS 1301 Lucovyl GB 1010 Lucovyl GB 1150 Lucovyl GB 1511 Lucovyl GB 1550 Lucovyl GB 9550 Lucovyl GS 1200 Lucovyl GS 1400 Lucovyl GS 8001 Lucovyl GV 13-10 Lucovyl LB 1000 Lucovyl MB 1000 Lucovyl PB 1302 Lucovyl PB 1702 Lucovyl PB 8015 Lucovyl PB1202 Lucovyl PE Lucovyl PE 1100 Lucovyl PE 1151 Lucovyl PE 1290 Lucovyl PE 1311 Lucovyl PE 1355 Lucovyl PE 1801 Lucovyl PE 1825 Lucovyl PE 1851 Lucovyl RB 8010 Lucovyl RB 8021 Lucovyl RS 1100 Lucovyl RS 8000 Lucovyl S 071S Lucovyl S 1075 Lucovyl S 110P Lutofan Lutofan 1450D Lutofan 300D Lutofan LH 977 Macoflex Marvinol Marvinol 14 Marvinol 2002 Marvinol 22 Marvinol 23 Marvinol 53 Marvinol 57 Marvinol 7000 Marvinol VR 10 Marvinol VR 50 Marvinol VR 53 Marvylan 6502 Marvylan S 5702 Marvylan S 5902 Marvylan S 6602 Marvylan S 6806 Marvylan S 6808 Marvylan S 7102 Marvylan S 7502 Masterflex L/S Matico V Mecion HP 65 Medidex Mercion HP65 Meronyl 70/7P Metricel VM 1 Million HF 534C Miplast Mirrex MCFD 1025 Mirvyl 1172 Mirvyl 1302 Mirvyl 1702 Mirvyl KB 8010 Mirvyl RB 8010 Movinyl 100 Mowilith F Mowinyl 100 Myraform Nashiji Clear Navicel Neralit Neralit 581 Neralit 601 Neralit 628 Neralit 652 Neralit 653 Neralit 682 Neralit 701 Neralit 702 Neralit S 682 Nerlit S 652 Nerolit 581 Nerolit 601 Nerolit 652 Nerolit 702 Nerolit S 702 NG 0026 Thermo-O-Line NH-LB Low-Bleed Nikavinyl SG 1100 Nikavinyl SG 1100N Nikavinyl SG 1400 Nikavinyl SG 700 Nikavinyl SG 800 Nipeon A 21 Nipol G 351 Nipol GE 351 Nipolit CH 36 Nipolit CK Nipolit CL Nipolit CM Nipolit CM 081 Nipolit CR Nipolit MQ Nipolit RM 6406 Nipolit S 450 Nipolit SD Nipolit SE Nipolit SG Nipolit SH Nipolit SK Nipolit SK 081 Nipolit SL Nipolit SL 082 Nipolit SM Nipolit SM 092 Nipolit SR Nipolit SV 13081 Nipolit SZ 7 Nipolit WX Nippi Linker EW 3358 Nobiace Noraplas 19940 Nordforsk S 54 Nordforsk S 80 Norseal Norvic SP 1000 Norvic SP 1100HP Norvic SP 800 Norvinyl Norvinyl 658 Norvinyl P 10 Norvinyl P 2 Norvinyl S 1-70 Norvinyl S 1-80 Norvinyl S 3-68 Norvinyl S 4-58 Norvinyl S 5745 Norvinyl S 6045 Norvinyl S 6570 Norvinyl S 658 Norvinyl S 6775 Norvinyl S 688 Occidental 1742 Occidental 605 Occidental 6482 Olsia MP 053 Olsia MP 677 Olsia MP 865 Olsia MP 888 Omnifilm 4P Ongrofol KTE 101/361 Ongrolit KE 138/037 Ongrolit LE 601 Ongrolit O 205 Ongrovil K 64 Ongrovil S 160 Ongrovil S 165 Ongrovil S 270 Ongrovil S 465 Ongrovil S 470 Ongrovil S 5058 Ongrovil S 5061 Ongrovil S 5070 Ongrovil S 5072 Ongrovil S 5167 Ongrovil S 5258 Opalon R 7611 Organlacq V 387 Ortodur OxyVinyl 155 OxyVinyl 240F OxyVinyls 0500M OxyVinyls 185F OxyVinyls 190F OxyVinyls 216 OxyVinyls 222S OxyVinyls 225 OxyVinyls 225P OxyVinyls 240F OxyVinyls 334FG OxyVinyls 455F OxyVinyls 500F P 3 P 800 Panaflex Pantasote R 873 Pattina V 82 PCW-ES 74/1 PCW-ES 74/2 Pedion D 45CL Pekevic S 83 Pentapharm PH 170/01 Pentar PR 180/98 Petkim P 38 Petroplas PP 140 Petroplas PP 330 Petvinil E 36/71 Petvinil P 38/74 Petvinil S 23/59 Petvinil S 27R63 Petvinil S 39/71 Pevikon 737 Pevikon D 61 Pevikon DP 1510 Pevikon KL 2 Pevikon P 14 Pevikon P 682 Pevikon P 702 Pevikon P 737 Pevikon PE 702 Pevikon PE 709 Pevikon PE 710 Pevikon PE 712 Pevikon PE 737P Pevikon PS 690 Pevikon R 150 Pevikon R 23 Pevikon R 24 Pevikon R 25 Pevikon R 336 Pevikon R 341 Pevikon R 45 Pevikon S 602 Pevikon S 655 Pevikon S 656 Pevikon S 658 Pevikon S 658GK Pevikon S 684 Pevikon S 687 Pevikon S 688 Pevikon S 707 PKhV-S 6402N Plastifoam 0301 Plastirex 5219 Plastomeric DBX 3590N Pliovic D 100X Pliovic DB 80V Pliovic DR 450 Pliovic DR 454 Pliovic DR 600 Pliovic DR 602 Pliovic DR 652 Pliovic K 906 Pliovic K 90E Pliovic M 50 Pliovic M 70 Pliovic S 50 Pliovic S 51 Polanvil S Polanvil S 58 Polanvil S 61 Polanvil S 67 Polanvil S 67HBD Polanvil S 67S Polanvil S 70 Polivinit Polwinit Polwiplast SBD Poly(chloroethene) Poly(chloroethylene) Poly(chlorovinyl) Poly(vinyl chloride) Polyco 2622 Polycor D 7257 Poly-Jet 730 Polytherm Polytherm UG 45/60201 Polyvin 6025-01 POLYVINYL CHLORIDE DISPERSION RESIN POLYVINYL CHLORIDE RESIN, CHLOROETHYLENE POLYMER, PVC RESIN POLYVINYLCHLORID POLYVINYLCHLORIDE Porodur Potomax DX PRC RESIN Primex 200-1 Primex 250-12 Prototype III Soft Purofairu 87 PVC polymer PVC-LOX PVKh EP 6602C PVKh-E 6250 PVKh-E 6602 PVKh-S 6358M PVKh-S 6359M PVKh-S 63Zh PVKh-S 7050M PVKh-S 7056M PVKh-S 7058 PVKh-S 7058M PVKh-S 7059M PVKh-SL PX-QHPN Quirvil Quirvil 170 Quirvil 268 Quirvil 278 Ravinil 1650 Ravinil R 100/65D Ravinil S 70D Resinite 90 Resinite TPM 87 Resinite VF 71 Revsol IDC 96 Rimtec 4104 Rottolin 02535 Royal Shield Royalpack Rubatex Rucon B 221 Rucon B 341 Ryuron 7000 Ryuron 7001 Ryuron 700D Ryuron 700E Ryuron 700K Ryuron 800BK Ryuron 800BL Ryuron C 38 Ryuron Paste 725 Ryuron Paste 761 Ryuron Paste R 725 Ryuron QS Ryuron R 720 Ryuron R 725 Ryuron R 761 Ryuron R 770 Ryuron R 772 Ryuron S 600 Ryuron S 80013 Ryuron S 800B Ryuron TH 1000 Ryuron TH 1300 Ryuron TH 800 S 12027FC24671 S 12027FC93522 S 17199FC1814 S 1916FC039 S 20015FC025 S 23041FC13080 S 900 Sanplate Santoglass Sartorius SM 12806 Sartorius SM 12807 SA-S-FC 025 Schkopau 6642M Scon S 5300 Scotchcal 3650 Scotchcal 3655 Scotchcal 3658 Scotchcal 8519 Scotchcal Graphic Marking Film Scotchcal White Graphic Marking Film Scovinil 6931 Scovinyl E Scovinyl E 6642M Scovinyl E 6921 Scovinyl E 6931M20 Scovinyl S Scovinyl S 58 Scovinyl S 60 Scovinyl S 6369 Scovinyl S 7059W Scovinyl S 7059W20 Selectophore Sellotape 2241 Sheintech Shin-Etsu 6704 Shintec 950 Shintech 950 Shintech S 950 Shintech SE 950 Siamvic 258RB Siamvic 367NK Siamvic 374MB Sicron 540HV Sicron 548FM Sikaplan 14.6 Slovinyl 671 Slovinyl 683 Slovinyl 701 Slovinyl 712 Slovinyl 713 Slovinyl E 261 Slovinyl E 551 Slovinyl E 621 Slovinyl E 622 Slovinyl E 671 Slovinyl EL Slovinyl E-N Slovinyl EP 701 Slovinyl EP 701X Slovinyl EP 702 Slovinyl EP 702X Slovinyl EPA Slovinyl N Slovinyl NN Slovinyl S 621 Slovinyl S 622 Slovinyl S 632 Slovinyl S 67 Slovinyl S 683 Slovinyl S 701 Slovinyl S 703 Slovinyl S 712 Slovinyl SP-N Slovinyl SPS Sloviplast 702 Sloviplast GC 702 Sloviplast SG 711 Solpolac 500 Solvic 158GC Solvic 161RC Solvic 168PE Solvic 172GA Solvic 172RB Solvic 173TB Solvic 250SA Solvic 258AB Solvic 258RB Solvic 258RD Solvic 258RD223 Solvic 258RE Solvic 261RA Solvic 264A Solvic 264GA Solvic 264GC Solvic 264PC Solvic 266RC Solvic 266SF Solvic 268GA Solvic 268RC Solvic 2719C Solvic 271GA Solvic 271GB Solvic 271GC Solvic 271PC Solvic 347MB Solvic 364MB Solvic 367NC Solvic 367NK Solvic 372NA Solvic 373MD Solvic 373ME Solvic 374MB Solvic 376NB Solvic 38/177E Solvic 380NS Solvic 385NF Solvic H 223 Solvic P 362/117 Solvic P 367/109 Solvic P 380/65 Solvic S 250SA SolVin 250SB SolVin 257RF SolVin 258RB SolVin 258RF SolVin 264PC SolVin 265PC SolVin 265RE SolVin 266RC Solvin 266SF SolVin 268RP SolVin 271GB Solvin 271GC SolVin 271PC SolVin 271SP Solvin 360NA SolVin 367NK Solvin 372LD Solvin 372NF SolVin 373MH Solvin 374MB Solvin S 264PC Stauffer 608 Strip Coat 2253 Sumiflex K 510 Sumika Beads BC 30 Sumikon VM 1760 Sumikon VM 3783 Sumilit 7GK Sumilit DX-NL Sumilit EX 13 Sumilit EX-A Sumilit EXA 13 Sumilit FIX Sumilit FLX Sumilit HX 13 Sumilit HXM Sumilit KX 5 Sumilit PSH 20 Sumilit PX-A Sumilit PXA 13 Sumilit PX-G Sumilit PX-N Sumilit PX-N(4) Sumilit PXNH Sumilit PX-NHA Sumilit PX-NL Sumilit PXNO Sumilit PXQ Sumilit PXQHA Sumilit PX-QHS Sumilit PXQL Sumilit PX-U Sumilit SX 11 Sumilit SX 11F Sumilit SX 11FA Sumilit SX 13 Sumilit SX 13Z Sumilit SX 17 Sumilit SX 4G Sumilit SX 7G Sumilit SX 7GK Sumilit SX 7GL Sumilit SX 8 Sumilit Sx 8c Sumilit SX 8G Sumilit SX-D Sumilit SX-DH Sumilit SX-HDB Sumilit VS 9200 Sumilit VSS Sumilit VSS 8142 Sumilit VSS 8142ZUV Sumilit VSS-HT 410 Sumilite VSS 1104 Sumitomo PX 11 Sunar 1000D Sunar 800BK Sunar SA 1000D Sunar SA 1000N Sunar SA 1000S Sunar SA 100N Sunar SA 2000M Sunar SA 700K Sunar SA 800B Sunloid A 100 Sunloid A 100D Sunloid Bip CHC 140 Sunloid Bip PRN 430 Sunloid Bip R 1700 Sunloid Bippu Sunloid DN Sunloid UNI Sunplate Sunprene FA 70HB Superohm TX 0011 Susp Resin 200F Sylphane VFM Syncron 548FM Syncron 708 Tackpaint TPS 196 Tackpaint TPS 261 Takilon Taraflex Taraflex S Tarwinyl S Tarwinyl S 64 Tarwinyl S 68 Tarwinyl S 70 Technomelt Q 3118 Technopor Teknor Apex 3300R68NT TempRite 3301 TempRite 3302 TempRite LC 131 TempRite LC 211 TempRite LC 511 TempRite LC 611 TempRite LC 621 Tenneco 1730 Tenneco 1732 Tenneco 1734 Tenneco 1742 Tenneco 1745 Tenneco 1755 Tenneco 185 Tenneco 200 Tenneco 225 Tenneco 250 Termanto R 130 Termanto R 55 Termanto TR 75 Teruflex Thelodur Thervil Tocryl C 440 Topgom SF 30SF Trosiplast 0815/08 Trovidur EN Trovidur N Trovidur NL Trovidur X Trovithern HTL Troziplast 1200Z Turbotherm-Turboflex 105 Varlan S 7120 Varlan S 7140 Velphan T 305 Veron P 130/1 Versadur 150 Vestolit Vestolit 1361K Vestolit 1415K80 Vestolit 1430K90 Vestolit 3869B Vestolit 57SAO Vestolit 6554 Vestolit 7031 Vestolit B 021 Vestolit B 7021 Vestolit E 7001 Vestolit E 7012 Vestolit E 7031 Vestolit E 8001 Vestolit GH Vestolit HI-E 7077 Vestolit P 1348K Vestolit P 1351K Vestolit P 1352K Vestolit P 1353K Vestolit P 1415K80 Vestolit P 1430K90 Vestolit S 55 Vestolit S 5857 Vestolit S 60 Vestolit S 6057 Vestolit S 6058 Vestolit S 6554 Vestolit S 6557 Vestolit S 6558 Vestolit S 6857 Vestolit S 7054 Vestolit S 7554 Vestolit S 8054 Vestolit VS 6858 Viaflex Vicir S 800 Viniban Vinika 75BX Vinika 80BX Vinika C 982 Vinika D 126 Vinika D 7210 Vinika E 320 Vinika JISA 70 Vinika KR 600 Vinika KR 800 Vinika P 1000 Vinika P 410 Vinika P 410D Vinika P 440 Vinika P 450 Vinika P 455 Vinika P 470 Vinika P 510 Vinika P 540 Vinika R 1069 Vinika R 1080 Vinika SG 1100 Vinika SG 1300 Vinika SG 800 Viniplast Viniplen P 73 Viniplen P 73E Viniplen P 73EM Viniplen P 74 Vinisol 1000OX20A Vinisol 1000OX20A White Vinisol 1600 Primer Vinisol 4000P2 White Vinisol 4000TX2 Vinnol 315/100 Vinnol 865D Vinnol C 65V Vinnol E 100/75 Vinnol E 60G Vinnol E 60RN Vinnol E 68CF Vinnol E 68CP Vinnol E 72CF Vinnol E 75 Vinnol E 79CS Vinnol H 100/65 Vinnol H 100/70 Vinnol H 100/70d Vinnol H 510 Vinnol H 510/60 Vinnol H 510/65 Vinnol H 510/68 Vinnol H 60d Vinnol H 60DS Vinnol H 65 Vinnol H 65D Vinnol H 65V Vinnol H 68DS Vinnol H 70 Vinnol H 70D Vinnol H 70DF Vinnol H 70DS Vinnol H 70F Vinnol H 75F Vinnol H 80F Vinnol H 80g Vinnol MSA 633/1M Vinnol O 65V Vinnol P 100/70e Vinnol P 68E Vinnol P 70 Vinnol P 70E Vinnol P 70F Vinnol P 75EN Vinnol P 80E Vinnol VH 315 Vinnol Y Vinnol Y 57M Vinnol Y 60 Vinnol Y 61M Vinnol Y 65m Vinnolit C 65V Vinnolit H 2264 Vinnolit H 2264Z Vinnolit H 68DS Vinnolit H 70DF Vinnolit K 707 Vinnolit P 70 Vinnolit S 3160 Vinnolit S 3257 Vinnolit S 4080 Vinnolit S 4170 Vinoflex Vinoflex 503 Vinoflex 507 Vinoflex 516 Vinoflex 535 Vinoflex 7114S Vinoflex 719 Vinoflex KR 1353 Vinoflex KR 3364 Vinoflex KR 3501 Vinoflex P 313 Vinoflex S 5715 Vinoflex S 6115 Vinoflex S 6514 Vinoflex S 7114 Vinyblan 180 Vinyblan 200A Vinyblan 430 Vinyblan 520 Vinyblan 609 Vinyblan 654 Vinyblan 654C Vinyblan 654W Vinybon 100 Vinycel 124 Vinycel G 30 Vinychlon 2000M Vinychlon 3000L Vinychlon 3000M Vinychlon 4000F Vinychlon 4000H Vinychlon 4000L Vinychlon 4000LL Vinychlon 4000M Vinychlon 4000M3 Vinychlon DR-M 3 Vinychlon E Vinychlon EREK 1015 Vinychlon HS Vinychlon HSL Vinychlon SI 2000 Vinyfoil Vinyfoil C Vinyfoil C 4636 Vinyfoil C 4636N Vinyfoil C 8195 Vinyfoil C 850 Vinyfoil C 950 Vinyl chloride homopolymer VINYL CHLORIDE POLYMER Vinyl chloride resin Vinyl E Vinyl H 100 Vinyl H 1000 Vinyl Hi Hit 21 Vinylex 607 Vinylite QYJV Vinylol K 2 Vinysol 10000X20A Vinysol 1000YK White Vinytol Vipavil GH 7801000 Vipla KR Vipla PE Viplast RA/F Vista 80273 Vitafilm Volgovinyl E 62 Volgovinyl E 62P Volgovinyl E 66P Volgovinyl EP 66-02S VSS 1101UV3 Brown 4-670 Vulcadur Vybak DVX 105 Vycar 150X21 Vylastic RS 60 Vynilit P 70E Welvic 60401 Welvic 60703 Welvic G 2/5 Welvic PRIO 953 Welvic PRO 686 Welvic PW 8/435Z Welvic R 7/622 Welvic RI 7/316 Welvic RIO 715 Welvic X 4/873 Welvic ZR 18/1734/854 Wilflex MCV-FF Base Wilt Pruf Winidur Yugovinyl Zadrovil M 570 Zest 103EP7 Zest PQB 83 Zest PQLT Zest PX-QHP DTXSID5025940 60-35-5 DLFVBJFMPXGRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N DLFVBJFMPXGRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetamide Acetamid acetamida Acetic acid amide Acetimidic acid Ethanamide Ethanimidic acid Methanecarboxamide NSC 25945 DTXSID7020005 103-90-2 RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetaminophen 4-Acetamidophenol APAP Paracetamol 4-hydroxyacetanilide Acetamide, N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)- 4-(Acetylamino)phenol 4-(N-Acetylamino)phenol 4-Acetaminophenol 4'-Hydroxyacetanilide Abensanil Acetagesic Acetalgin ACETAMIDE, N-(4-HYDROXYPHENYL) Acetaminofen Acetanilide, 4'-hydroxy- ACETANILIDE, 4-HYDROXY- Algotropyl Alvedon Anaflon Apamide Banesin Ben-u-ron Bickie-mol Biocetamol Cetadol Citramon P Claratal Clixodyne Dafalgan Daphalgan Dial-a-gesic Disprol Doliprane Dolprone Dymadon Efferalgan Endophy Febrilex Febrilix Febro-Gesic Febrolin Fepanil Finimal Gattaphen T Gelocatil Gutte Enteric Homoolan Jin Gang Lestemp Liquagesic Lonarid Lyteca Syrup Minoset Momentum N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide N-Acetyl-4-aminophenol N-Acetyl-4-hydroxyaniline N-Acetyl-p-aminophenol Napafen Naprinol Nobedon NSC 109028 NSC 3991 Ortensan p-(Acetylamino)phenol p-Aceaminophenol Pacemol p-Acetamidophenol p-Acetoaminophen P-ACETYLAMINOPHENOL Paldesic panadeine Panadol Panadol Actifast Panadol Extend Panaleve Panasorb Panodil Paracetamol DC Paracetamole Parageniol Paramol Paraspen Parelan Pasolind N Perfalgan Phenaphen Phendon p-Hydroxyacetanilide Prodafalgan Puerxitong Pyrinazine Resfenol Resprin Rhodapop NCR Salzone Tabalgin Tachipirina Tempanal Tralgon Tylenol TylolHot Valadol Valgesic Vermidon Vick Pyrena DTXSID2020006 968-81-0 VGZSUPCWNCWDAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N VGZSUPCWNCWDAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetohexamide Benzenesulfonamide, 4-acetyl-N-[(cyclohexylamino)carbonyl]- 1-(p-Acetylbenzenesulfonyl)-3-cyclohexylurea 1-[(p-Acetylphenyl)sulfonyl]-3-cyclohexylurea Acetohexamid acetohexamida Dimelin Dimelor Dymelor Gamadiabet Hypoglicil Metaglucina Minoral N-(p-Acetylphenylsulfonyl)-N'-cyclohexylurea Ordimel Tsiklamid Urea, 1-[(p-acetylphenyl)sulfonyl]-3-cyclohexyl- DTXSID7020007 67-66-3 HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Trichloromethane Methane, trichloro- CARBON TRICHLORIDE Chloroforme cloroformo Formyl trichloride Methane trichloride Methane,trichloro- NSC 77361 Trichloroform UN 1888 DTXSID1020306 110-00-9 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Furan Divinylene oxide furanne Furfuran Oxacyclopentadiene Tetrole UN 2389 DTXSID6020646 7429-90-5 XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aluminum Aisin Metal Fiber Al 050P-H24 ALC Fine Alcan XI 1391 Almi-Paste SSP 303AR Aloxal 3010 Alpaste 00-0506 Alpaste 0100M Alpaste 0100MA Alpaste 0100M-C Alpaste 0200M Alpaste 0200T Alpaste 0230M Alpaste 0230T Alpaste 0241M Alpaste 0300M Alpaste 0500M Alpaste 0539X Alpaste 0620MS Alpaste 0625TS Alpaste 0638-70C Alpaste 0700M Alpaste 0780M Alpaste 0900M Alpaste 100M Alpaste 100MS Alpaste 100MSR Alpaste 1100M Alpaste 1100MA Alpaste 1100N Alpaste 1100NA Alpaste 1109MA Alpaste 1109MC Alpaste 1200M Alpaste 1200T Alpaste 1260MS Alpaste 1500MA Alpaste 1700NL Alpaste 1810YL Alpaste 1830YL Alpaste 1900M Alpaste 1900XS Alpaste 1950M Alpaste 1950N Alpaste 210N Alpaste 2172EA Alpaste 2173 Alpaste 240T Alpaste 241M Alpaste 417 Alpaste 46-046 Alpaste 4-621 Alpaste 4919 Alpaste 50-63 Alpaste 50-635 Alpaste 51-148B Alpaste 51-231 Alpaste 5205N Alpaste 5207N Alpaste 52-509 Alpaste 52-568 Alpaste 5301N Alpaste 5302N Alpaste 53-119 Alpaste 5422NS Alpaste 54-452 Alpaste 54-497 Alpaste 54-542 Alpaste 55-516 Alpaste 55-519 Alpaste 55-574 Alpaste 5620NS Alpaste 5630NS Alpaste 5640NS Alpaste 56-501 Alpaste 5650NS Alpaste 5653NS Alpaste 5654NS Alpaste 5680N Alpaste 5680NS Alpaste 60-600 Alpaste 60-760 Alpaste 60-768 Alpaste 62-356 Alpaste 6340NS Alpaste 6370NS Alpaste 6390NS Alpaste 640NS Alpaste 65-388 Alpaste 66NLB Alpaste 710N Alpaste 7130N Alpaste 7160N Alpaste 7160NS Alpaste 725N Alpaste 740NS Alpaste 7430NS Alpaste 7580NS Alpaste 7620NS Alpaste 7640NS Alpaste 7670M Alpaste 7670NS Alpaste 7675NS Alpaste 7679NS Alpaste 7680N Alpaste 7680NS Alpaste 76840NS Alpaste 7730N Alpaste 7770N Alpaste 7830N Alpaste 8004 Alpaste 8080N Alpaste 8260NAR Alpaste 891K Alpaste 91-0562 Alpaste 92-0592 Alpaste 93-0595 Alpaste 93-0647 Alpaste 94-2315 Alpaste 95-0570 Alpaste 96-0635 Alpaste 96-2104 Alpaste 97-0510 Alpaste 97-0534 Alpaste AW 520B Alpaste AW 612 Alpaste AW 9800 Alpaste F 795 Alpaste FM 7680K Alpaste FX 440 Alpaste FX 910 Alpaste FZ 0534 Alpaste FZU 40C Alpaste G Alpaste HR 8801 Alpaste HS 2 Alpaste J Alpaste K 9800 Alpaste MC 666 Alpaste MC 707 Alpaste MF 20 Alpaste MG 01 Alpaste MG 1000 Alpaste MG 1300 Alpaste MG 500 Alpaste MG 600 Alpaste MH 6601 Alpaste MH 8801 Alpaste MH 9901 Alpaste MR 7000 Alpaste MR 9000 Alpaste MS 630 Alpaste N 1700NL Alpaste NS 7670 Alpaste O 100N Alpaste O 2130 Alpaste O 300M Alpaste P 0100 Alpaste P 1950 Alpaste S Alpaste SAP 110 Alpaste SAP 414P Alpaste SAP 550N Alpaste SCR 5070 Alpaste TCR 2020 Alpaste TCR 2060 Alpaste TCR 2070 Alpaste TCR 3010 Alpaste TCR 3030 Alpaste TCR 3040 Alpaste TCR 3130 Alpaste TD 200T Alpaste UF 500 Alpaste WB 0230 Alpaste WD 500 Alpaste WJP-U 75C Alpaste WX 0630 Alpaste WX 7830 Alpaste WXA 7640 Alpaste WXM 0630 Alpaste WXM 0650 Alpaste WXM 0660 Alpaste WXM 1415 Alpaste WXM 1440 Alpaste WXM 5422 Alpaste WXM 760b Alpaste WXM 7640 Alpaste WXM 7675 Alpaste WXM-T 60B Alpaste WXM-U 75 Alpaste WXM-U 75C Altop X Aluchrome Ultrafin Super Alumat 1600 Alumet H 30 aluminio Aluminium Aluminium Flake Aluminum 27 Aluminum atom Aluminum element Aluminum Flake PCF 7620 Aluminum granules ALUMINUM METAL/GRANULE ALUMINUM PASTE ALUMINUM PIGMENT ALUMINUM TURNINGS Alumi-paste 640NS Alumipaste 91-0562 Alumipaste 98-1822T Alumipaste AW 620 Alumipaste CR 300 Alumipaste GX 180A Alumipaste GX 201A Alumipaste HR 7000 Alumipaste HR 850 Alumipaste MG 11 Alumipaste MH 8801 Aquamet NPW 2900 Aquapaste 205-5 Aquasilver LPW Astroflake 40 Astroflake Black N 020 Astroflake Black N 070 Astroflake LG 40 Astroflake LG 70 Astroflake Silver N 040 Astroshine NJ 1600 Astroshine T 8990 Atomizalumi VA 200 C.I. PIGMENT METAL 1 Chromal IV Chromal X Decomet 1001/10 Decomet 2018/10 Decomet High Gloss Al 1002/10 Ecka AS 081 Eckart 9155 Eterna Brite 301-1 Eterna Brite 601-1 Eterna Brite 651-1 Eterna Brite EBP 251PA Eterna Brite Primier 251PA Ferro FX 53-038 Friend Color F 500GR-W Friend Color F 500WT Friend Color F 700RE-W Friend Color F 701RE-W Hi Print 60T High Print 60T Hisparkle HS 2 Hydro Paste 8726 Hydrolac WHH 2153 Hydrolan 3560 Hydrolux Reflexal 100 Hydroshine WS 1001 JISA 51010P Kryal Z Lansford 243 LE Sheet 800 Leafing Alpaste LG-H Silver 25 Lunar Al-V 95 Metallux 161 Metallux 2154 Metallux 2192 Metalure Metalure 55350 Metalure L 55350 Metalure L 59510 Metalure W 2001 Metapor Metasheen 1800 Metasheen HR 0800 Metasheen KM 100 Metasheen KM 1000 Metasheen Slurry 1807 Metasheen Slurry 1811 Metasheen Slurry KM 100 Metax G Metax S Mirror Glow 1000 Mirror Glow 600 Mirrorsheen Noral Aluminium Noral Ink Grade Aluminium Obron 10890 Offset FM 4500 Puratronic Reflexal 145 Reynolds 400 Reynolds 4-301 Reynolds 4-591 Reynolds 667 SAP 260PW-HS SAP-FM 4010 SBC 516-20Z Scotchcal 7755SE Serumekku Setanium 50MIS-H8 Siberline ET 2025 Siberline ST 21030E1 Silvar A Silver VT 522 Silverline SSP 353 Silvex 793-20C Sparkle Silver 3141ST Sparkle Silver 3500 Sparkle Silver 3641 Sparkle Silver 5000AR Sparkle Silver 516AR Sparkle Silver 5242AR Sparkle Silver 5245AR Sparkle Silver 5271AR Sparkle Silver 5500 Sparkle Silver 5745 Sparkle Silver 7000AR Sparkle Silver 7005AR Sparkle Silver 7500 Sparkle Silver 960-25E1 Sparkle Silver E 1745AR Sparkle Silver L 1526AR Sparkle Silver Premier 751 Sparkle Silver SS 3130 Sparkle Silver SS 5242AR Sparkle Silver SS 5588 Sparkle Silver SSP 132AR Special PCR 507 Splendal 6001BG Spota Mobil 801 SSP 760-20C Stapa Aloxal PM 2010 Stapa Aloxal PM 3010 Stapa Aloxal PM 4010 Stapa Hydrolac BG 8n.1 Stapa Hydrolac BGH Chromal X Stapa Hydrolac PM Chromal VIII Stapa Hydrolac W 60NL Stapa Hydrolac WH 16 Stapa Hydrolac WH 66NL Stapa Hydrolux 2192 Stapa Hydrolux 8154 Stapa IL Hydrolan 2192-55900G Stapa Metallic R 607 Stapa Metallux 1050 Stapa Metallux 211 Stapa Metallux 212 Stapa Metallux 2196 Stapa Metallux 274 Stapa Mobilux 181 Stapa Offset 3000 Stapa PV 10 Stapa VP 46432G Starbrite 2100 Super Fine 18000 Super Fine 22000 Supramex 2022 Toyo Aluminum 02-0005 Toyo Aluminum 93-3040 Transmet K 102HE Tufflake 3645 Tufflake 5843 UN 1396 US Aluminum 809 Valimet H 2 Valimet H 3 White Silver 7080N White Silver 7130N DTXSID3040273 7440-43-9 BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cadmium Cadimium CADMIUM BLUE CADMIUM, IN PLATTEN, STANGEN, BROCKEN,KOERNER DTXSID1023940 7439-97-6 QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Mercury Liquid silver Mercure MERCURIC METAL TRIPLE DISTILLED mercurio Mercury element Quecksilber Quicksilver UN 2024 UN 2809 DTXSID1024172 7440-61-1 JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Uranium Uranium, isotope of mass 238 238U Element UN 2979 (DOT) Uranium I DTXSID1042522 7440-38-2 RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Arsenic As Arsenic black ARSENIC METAL arsenico Grey arsenic UN 1558 DTXSID4023886 7440-22-4 BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Ag Nanopaste NPS-J 90 Ag Sphere 2 Ag-C-GS Algaedyn Arctic Silver 3 Argentum Astroflake 5 Carey Lea silver Colloidal silver Dotite XA 208 Du Pont 4943 ECM 100AF4810 Enlight 600 Enlight silver plate 600 Epinall Finesphere SVND 102 Fordel DC FP 5369-502 Jelcon SH 1 Jungindai Takasago 300 KS (metal) LCP 1-19SFS Metz 3000-1 Nanomelt AGC-A Nanomelt Ag-XA 301 Nanomelt Ag-XF 301 Nanomelt Ag-XF 301H Nanopaste NPS-J 90 Perfect Silver Puff Silver X 1200 RT 1710S-C1 SD (metal) Shell Silver Silbest E 20 Silbest F 20 Silbest J 18 Silbest TC 12 Silbest TC 20E Silbest TC 25A Silbest TCG 1 Silbest TCG 7 Silcoat AgC 103 Silcoat AgC 2011 Silcoat AgC 209 Silcoat AgC 2190 Silcoat AgC 222 Silcoat AgC 2411 Silcoat AgC 74T Silcoat AgC-A Silcoat AgC-AO Silcoat AgC-B Silcoat AgC-BO Silcoat AgC-D Silcoat AgC-G Silcoat AgC-GS Silcoat AgC-L Silcoat AgC-O Silcoat GS Silcoat RF 200 Silflake 135 Silsphere 514 Silver atom Silver element Silver Flake 1 Silver Flake 25 Silver Flake 52 Silver Flake 7A SILVER FLAKES Silver metal Silvest TCG 11N Technic 299 Technic 450 Techno Alpha 175 DTXSID4024305 7439-96-5 PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Colloidal manganese Cutaval Manganese element Manganese fulleride Manganese metal alloy Manganese-55 manganeso DTXSID2024169 7440-02-0 PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Carbonyl 255 Carbonyl Ni 123 Carbonyl Ni 283 Carbonyl Nickel 123 Carbonyl Nickel 283 Carbonyl Nickel 287 Cerac N 2003 CNS 10 Micron Exmet 4 Ni X-4/0 Fibrex P Incofoam Nickel element NICKEL ROUND ANODES Nicrobraz LM:BNi 2 Ni-Flake 95 Novamet 123 Novamet 4SP Novamet 4SP10 Novamet 525 Novamet CNS 400 Novamet HCA 1 Novamet NI 255 Raney nickel Raney nickel 2800 UN 1325 UN 2881 DTXSID2020925 7440-66-6 HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Zn Asarco L 15 C.I. Pigment Black 16 Merrillite NC-Zinc Rheinzink Stapa TE Zinc AT UF (metal) UN 1436 Zinc dust Zinc Dust 3 Zinc Dust 500 mesh Zinc Dust LS 2 Zinc Dust MCS Zinc Flakes GTT ZINC METAL ZINC MOSSY ZINC STRIP ZINC, MOSSY Zincsalt GTT DTXSID7035012 CHEBI:26523 CHEBI reactive oxygen species D009369 MESH Neoplasms GO:1903409 GO reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process MP:0003674 MP oxidative stress GO:0006954 GO inflammatory response 1 WIKI increased Polyethylene AS low Mol.Wt. 2023-07-31T09:43:59 2023-07-31T09:43:59 Polyvinyl chloride 2023-07-31T09:45:06 2023-07-31T09:45:06 Acetaminophen 2016-11-29T18:42:26 2016-11-29T18:42:26 Chloroform 2016-11-29T18:42:27 2016-11-29T18:42:27 furan 2020-05-01T14:35:22 2020-05-01T14:35:22 Platinum 2022-02-04T14:36:54 2022-02-04T14:36:54 Aluminum 2022-02-04T14:42:11 2022-02-04T14:42:11 Cadmium 2017-10-25T08:33:12 2017-10-25T08:33:12 Mercury 2016-11-29T18:42:19 2016-11-29T18:42:19 Uranium 2021-08-05T14:28:50 2021-08-05T14:28:50 Arsenic 2021-04-27T00:15:21 2021-04-27T00:15:21 Silver 2022-02-03T11:20:11 2022-02-03T11:20:11 Manganese 2022-02-04T14:47:23 2022-02-04T14:47:23 Nickel 2022-02-04T14:47:59 2022-02-04T14:47:59 Zinc 2022-02-04T15:05:00 2022-02-04T15:05:00 nanoparticles 2016-12-21T09:40:06 2016-12-21T09:40:06 WikiUser_28 Vertebrates WikiUser_26 ApacheUser rodents 9606 NCBI Homo sapiens 10090 NCBI Mus musculus 10116 NCBI Rattus norvegicus WCS_9606 common toxicological species human 10090 NCBI mouse 10116 NCBI rat Increased, Reactive oxygen species Cellular <p>Biological State: increased reactive oxygen species (ROS)</p> <p>Biological compartment: an entire cell -- may be cytosolic, may also enter organelles.</p> <p>Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are O2- derived molecules that can be both free radicals (e.g. superoxide, hydroxyl, peroxyl, alcoxyl) and non-radicals (hypochlorous acid, ozone and singlet oxygen) (Bedard and Krause 2007; Ozcan and Ogun 2015). ROS production occurs naturally in all kinds of tissues inside various cellular compartments, such as mitochondria and peroxisomes (Drew and Leeuwenburgh 2002; Ozcan and Ogun 2015). Furthermore, these molecules have an important function in the regulation of several biological processes &ndash; they might act as antimicrobial agents or triggers of animal gamete activation and capacitation (Goud et al. 2008; Parrish 2010; Bisht et al. 2017).&nbsp;<br /> However, in environmental stress situations (exposure to radiation, chemicals, high temperatures) these molecules have its levels drastically increased, and overly interact with macromolecules, namely nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, causing cell and tissue damage (Brieger et al. 2012; Ozcan and Ogun 2015).&nbsp;</p> <p>Photocolorimetric assays (Sharma et al. 2017; Griendling et al. 2016) or through commercial kits purchased from specialized companies.</p> <p>Yuan, Yan, et al., (2013) described ROS monitoring by using H₂-DCF-DA, a redox-sensitive fluorescent dye. Briefly, the harvested cells were incubated with H₂-DCF-DA (50 &micro;mol/L final concentration) for 30 min in the dark at 37&deg;C. After treatment, cells were immediately washed twice, re-suspended in PBS, and analyzed on a BD-FACS Aria flow cytometry. ROS generation was based on fluorescent intensity which was recorded by excitation at 504 nm and emission at 529 nm.</p> <p>Lipid peroxidation (LPO) can be measured as an indicator of oxidative stress damage Yen, Cheng Chien, et al., (2013).</p> <p>Chattopadhyay, Sukumar, et al. (2002) assayed the generation of free radicals within the cells and their extracellular release in the medium by addition of yellow NBT salt solution (Park et al., 1968). Extracellular release of ROS converted NBT to a purple colored formazan. The cells were incubated with 100 ml of 1 mg/ml NBT solution for 1 h at 37&nbsp;&deg;C and the product formed was assayed at 550 nm in an Anthos 2001 plate reader. The observations of the &lsquo;cell-free system&rsquo; were confirmed by cytological examination of parallel set of explants stained with chromogenic reactions for NO and ROS.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>ROS is a normal constituent found in all organisms.</p> High Unspecific High All life stages High <p>B.H. Park, S.M. Fikrig, E.M. Smithwick Infection and nitroblue tetrazolium reduction by neutrophils: a diagnostic aid Lancet, 2 (1968), pp. 532-534</p> <p>Bedard, Karen, and Karl-Heinz Krause. 2007. &ldquo;The NOX Family of ROS-Generating NADPH Oxidases: Physiology and Pathophysiology.&rdquo; Physiological Reviews 87 (1): 245&ndash;313.</p> <p>Bisht, Shilpa, Muneeb Faiq, Madhuri Tolahunase, and Rima Dada. 2017. &ldquo;Oxidative Stress and Male Infertility.&rdquo; Nature Reviews. Urology 14 (8): 470&ndash;85.</p> <p>Brieger, K., S. Schiavone, F. J. Miller Jr, and K-H Krause. 2012. &ldquo;Reactive Oxygen Species: From Health to Disease.&rdquo; Swiss Medical Weekly 142 (August): w13659.</p> <p>Chattopadhyay, Sukumar, et al. &quot;Apoptosis and necrosis in developing brain cells due to arsenic toxicity and protection with antioxidants.&quot; Toxicology letters 136.1 (2002): 65-76.</p> <p>Drew, Barry, and Christiaan Leeuwenburgh. 2002. &ldquo;Aging and the Role of Reactive Nitrogen Species.&rdquo; Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 959 (April): 66&ndash;81.</p> <p>Goud, Anuradha P., Pravin T. Goud, Michael P. Diamond, Bernard Gonik, and Husam M. Abu-Soud. 2008. &ldquo;Reactive Oxygen Species and Oocyte Aging: Role of Superoxide, Hydrogen Peroxide, and Hypochlorous Acid.&rdquo; Free Radical Biology &amp; Medicine 44 (7): 1295&ndash;1304.</p> <p>Griendling, Kathy K., Rhian M. Touyz, Jay L. Zweier, Sergey Dikalov, William Chilian, Yeong-Renn Chen, David G. Harrison, Aruni Bhatnagar, and American Heart Association Council on Basic Cardiovascular Sciences. 2016. &ldquo;Measurement of Reactive Oxygen Species, Reactive Nitrogen Species, and Redox-Dependent Signaling in the Cardiovascular System: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.&rdquo; Circulation Research 119 (5): e39&ndash;75.</p> <p>Ozcan, Ayla, and Metin Ogun. 2015. &ldquo;Biochemistry of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species.&rdquo; In Basic Principles and Clinical Significance of Oxidative Stress, edited by Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder. Rijeka: IntechOpen.</p> <p>Parrish, A. R. 2010. &ldquo;2.27 - Hypoxia/Ischemia Signaling.&rdquo; In Comprehensive Toxicology (Second Edition), edited by Charlene A. McQueen, 529&ndash;42. Oxford: Elsevier.</p> <p>Sharma, Gunjan, Nishant Kumar Rana, Priya Singh, Pradeep Dubey, Daya Shankar Pandey, and Biplob Koch. 2017. &ldquo;p53 Dependent Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Delay Induced by Heteroleptic Complexes in Human Cervical Cancer Cells.&rdquo; Biomedicine &amp; Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine &amp; Pharmacotherapie 88 (April): 218&ndash;31.</p> <p>Yen, Cheng Chien, et al. &quot;Inorganic arsenic causes cell apoptosis in mouse cerebrum through an oxidative stress-regulated signaling pathway.&quot; Archives of toxicology 85 (2011): 565-575.</p> <p>Yuan, Yan, et al. &quot;Cadmium-induced apoptosis in primary rat cerebral cortical neurons culture is mediated by a calcium signaling pathway.&quot; PloS one 8.5 (2013): e64330.</p> AOPWiki 2016-11-29T18:41:29 2023-07-26T14:34:09 Oxidative Stress Molecular <p style="text-align:justify">Oxidative stress is defined as an imbalance in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defenses. High levels of oxidizing free radicals can be very damaging to cells and molecules within the cell.&nbsp; As a result, the cell has important defense mechanisms to protect itself from ROS. For example, Nrf2 is a transcription factor and master regulator of the oxidative stress response. During periods of oxidative stress, Nrf2-dependent changes in gene expression are important in regaining cellular homeostasis (Nguyen, et al. 2009) and can be used as indicators of the presence of oxidative stress in the cell.</p> <p style="text-align:justify">In addition to the directly damaging actions of ROS, cellular oxidative stress also changes cellular activities on a molecular level. Redox sensitive proteins have altered physiology in the presence and absence of ROS, which is caused by the oxidation of sulfhydryls to disulfides (2SH &agrave;SS) on neighboring amino acids (Antelmann and Helmann 2011). Importantly Keap1, the negative regulator of Nrf2, is regulated in this manner (Itoh, et al. 2010).</p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:#2f5597">ROS also undermine the mitochondrial defense system from oxidative damage. The antioxidant systems consist of superoxide dismutase,&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white">catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase, as well as antioxidants such as &alpha;-tocopherol and ubiquinol</span></span></span><span style="color:#2f5597">, or antioxidant vitamins and minerals including vitamin E, C, carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, selenium, and zinc (Fletcher, 2010). The enzymes, vitamins and minerals catalyze the conversion of ROS to non-toxic molecules such as water and O₂</span><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:#2f5597"><span style="background-color:white">. However, these antioxidant systems are not perfect and endogenous metabolic processes and/or exogenous oxidative influences can trigger cumulative oxidative injuries to the mitochondria, causing a decline in their functionality and efficiency, which further promotes cellular oxidative stress (</span></span></span></span><span style="color:#2f5597">Balasubramanian, 2000; Ganea &amp; Harding, 2006; Guo et al., 2013; Karimi et al., 2017)<span style="font-size:16px"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-color:white">.</span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="color:#27ae60"><span style="font-size:18px"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white">However, an emerging viewpoint suggests that ROS-induced modifications may not be as detrimental as previously thought, but rather contribute to signaling processes (Foyer et al., 2017).&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">Protection against oxidative stress is relevant for all tissues and organs, although some tissues may be more susceptible. For example, the brain possesses several key physiological features, such as high O2 utilization, high polyunsaturated fatty acids content, presence of autooxidable neurotransmitters, and low antioxidant defenses as compared to other organs, that make it highly susceptible to oxidative stress (Halliwell, 2006; Emerit and al., 2004; Frauenberger et al., 2016).</p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">Sources of ROS Production</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">Direct Sources:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597"> Direct sources involve the deposition of energy onto water molecules, breaking them into active radical species. When ionizing radiation hits water, it breaks it into hydrogen (H*) and hydroxyl (OH*) radicals by destroying its bonds. The hydrogen will create hydroxyperoxyl free radicals (HO₂*) if oxygen is available, which can then react with another of itself to form hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and more O₂ (Elgazzar and Kazem, 2015). Antioxidant mechanisms are also affected by radiation, with catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) levels rising as a result of exposure (Seen et al. 2018; Ahmad et al. 2021). </span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">Indirect Sources:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597"> An indirect source of ROS is the mitochondria, which is one of the primary producers in eukaryotic cells (Powers et al., 2008).&nbsp; As much as 2% of the electrons that should be going through the electron transport chain in the mitochondria escape, allowing them an opportunity to interact with surrounding structures. Electron-oxygen reactions result in free radical production, including the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) (Zhao et al., 2019). The electron transport chain, which also creates ROS, is activated by free adenosine diphosphate (ADP), O₂, and inorganic phosphate (P_i) (Hargreaves et al. 2020; Raimondi et al. 2020; Vargas-Mendoza et al. 2021). The first and third complexes of the transport chain are the most relevant to mammalian ROS production (Raimondi et al., 2020). The mitochondria have its own set of DNA and it is a prime target of oxidative damage (Guo et al., 2013). ROS are also produced through nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) stimulation, an event commenced by angiotensin II, a product/effector of the renin-angiotensin system (Nguyen Dinh Cat et al. 2013; Forrester et al. 2018). Other ROS producers include xanthine oxidase, immune cells (macrophage, neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils), phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂), monoamine oxidase (MAO), and carbon-based nanomaterials (Powers et al. 2008; Jacobsen et al. 2008; Vargas-Mendoza et al. 2021).</span></span></span></span></p> <p><strong>Oxidative Stress. Direct measurement of ROS is difficult because ROS are unstable. The presence of ROS can be assayed indirectly by measurement of cellular antioxidants, or by ROS-dependent cellular damage.</strong><span style="color:#27ae60">&nbsp;Listed below are common methods for detecting the KE, however there may be other comparable methods that are not listed</span></p> <ul> <li>Detection of ROS by chemiluminescence <span style="font-size:12px">(<span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165993606001683)</span></span></li> <li>Detection of ROS by chemiluminescence is also described in OECD TG 495 to assess phototoxic potential.</li> <li>Glutathione (GSH) depletion. GSH can be measured by assaying the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione (GSH:GSSG) using a commercially available kit (e.g., http://www.abcam.com/gshgssg-ratio-detection-assay-kit-fluorometric-green-ab138881.html).&nbsp;</li> <li>TBARS. Oxidative damage to lipids can be measured by assaying for lipid peroxidation using TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) using a commercially available kit.&nbsp;</li> <li>8-oxo-dG. Oxidative damage to nucleic acids can be assayed by measuring 8-oxo-dG adducts (for which there are a number of ELISA based commercially available kits),or &nbsp;HPLC, described in Chepelev et al. (Chepelev, et al. 2015).</li> </ul> <p><strong>Molecular Biology: Nrf2. Nrf2&rsquo;s transcriptional activity is controlled post-translationally by oxidation of Keap1. Assay for Nrf2 activity include:</strong></p> <ul> <li>Immunohistochemistry for increases in Nrf2 protein levels and translocation into the nucleus</li> <li>Western blot for increased Nrf2 protein levels</li> <li>Western blot of cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions to observe translocation of Nrf2 protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus</li> <li>qPCR of Nrf2 target genes (e.g., Nqo1, Hmox-1, Gcl, Gst, Prx, TrxR, Srxn), or by commercially available pathway-based qPCR array (e.g., oxidative stress array from SABiosciences)</li> <li>Whole transcriptome profiling by microarray or RNA-seq followed by pathway analysis (in IPA, DAVID, metacore, etc.) for enrichment of the Nrf2 oxidative stress response pathway (e.g., Jackson et al. 2014)</li> <li>OECD TG422D describes an ARE-Nrf2 Luciferase test method</li> <li>In general, there are&nbsp;a variety of&nbsp;commercially available colorimetric or fluorescent kits for detecting Nrf2 activation</li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Assay Type &amp; Measured Content</strong></td> <td><strong>Description</strong></td> <td><strong>Dose Range Studied</strong></td> <td> <p><strong>Assay Characteristics&nbsp;</strong><strong>(Length / Ease of use/Accuracy)</strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong>ROS Formation in the Mitochondria assay</strong> (Shaki et al., 2012)</p> </td> <td>&ldquo;The mitochondrial ROS measurement was performed flow cytometry using DCFH-DA. Briefly, isolated kidney mitochondria were incubated with UA (0, 50, 100 and 200 &mu;M) in respiration buffer containing (0.32 mM sucrose, 10 mM Tris, 20 mM Mops, 50 &mu;M EGTA, 0.5 mM MgCl2, 0.1 mM KH2PO4 and 5 mM sodium succinate) [32]. In the interval times of 5, 30 and 60 min following the UA addition, a sample was taken and DCFH-DA was added (final concentration, 10 &mu;M) to mitochondria and was then incubated for 10 min. Uranyl acetate-induced ROS generation in isolated kidney mitochondria were determined through the flow cytometry (Partec, Deutschland) equipped with a 488-nm argon ion laser and supplied with the Flomax software and the signals were obtained using a 530-nm bandpass filter (FL-1 channel). Each determination is based on the mean fluorescence intensity of 15,000 counts.&rdquo;</td> <td>0, 50, 100 and 200 &mu;M of Uranyl Acetate</td> <td> <p>Long/ Easy</p> <p>High accuracy</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong>Mitochondrial Antioxidant Content Assay</strong> Measuring GSH content</p> (Shaki et al., 2012)</td> <td>&ldquo;GSH content was determined using DTNB as the indicator and spectrophotometer method for the isolated mitochondria. The mitochondrial fractions (0.5 mg protein/ml) were incubated with various concentrations of uranyl acetate for 1 h at 30 &deg;C and then 0.1 ml of&nbsp;mitochondrial fractions was added into 0.1 mol/l of phosphate buffers and 0.04% DTNB in a total volume of 3.0 ml (pH 7.4). The developed yellow color was read at 412 nm on a spectrophotometer (UV-1601 PC, Shimadzu, Japan). GSH content was expressed as &mu;g/mg protein.&rdquo;</td> <td> <p>0, 50, 100, or 200&thinsp;<em>&mu;</em>M Uranyl Acetate</p> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong>H₂O₂ Production Assay</strong> Measuring H₂O₂ Production in isolated mitochondria</p> (Heyno et al., 2008)</td> <td>&ldquo;Effect of CdCl₂&nbsp;and antimycin A (AA) on H₂O₂&nbsp;production in isolated mitochondria from potato. H₂O₂&nbsp;production was measured as scopoletin oxidation. Mitochondria were incubated for 30&nbsp;min in the measuring buffer (see the Materials and Methods) containing 0.5&nbsp;mM succinate as an electron donor and 0.2&nbsp;&micro;M mesoxalonitrile 3‐chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) as an uncoupler, 10&nbsp;U horseradish peroxidase and 5&nbsp;&micro;M scopoletin.&rdquo; (</td> <td> <p>0, 10, 30 &thinsp;<em>&mu;</em>M Cd²⁺</p> 2 &thinsp;<em>&mu;</em>M<br /> antimycin A</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong>Flow Cytometry ROS &amp; Cell Viability</strong></p> (Kruiderig et al., 1997)</td> <td>&ldquo;For determination of ROS, samples taken at the indicated time points were directly transferred to FACScan tubes. Dih123 (10 mM, final concentration) was added and cells were incubated at 37&deg;C in a humidified atmosphere (95% air/5% CO2) for 10 min. At <em>t </em>5 9, propidium iodide (10 mM, final concentration) was added, and cells were analyzed by flow cytometry at 60 ml/min. Nonfluorescent Dih123 is cleaved by ROS to fluorescent R123 and detected by the FL1 detector as described above for Dc (Van de Water 1995)&rdquo;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p>Strong/easy</p> medium</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong>DCFH-DA Assay</strong> Detection of hydrogen peroxide production (Yuan et al., 2016)</p> </td> <td> <p>Intracellular ROS production was measured using DCFH-DA as a probe. Hydrogen peroxide oxidizes DCFH to DCF. The probe is hydrolyzed intracellularly to DCFH carboxylate anion. No direct reaction with H₂O₂to form fluorescent production.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> </td> <td>0-400 &micro;M</td> <td> <p>Long/ Easy</p> <p>High accuracy</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong>H2-DCF-DA Assay</strong> Detection of superoxide production (Thiebault et al., 2007)</p> </td> <td>This dye is a stable nonpolar compound which diffuses readily into the cells and yields H2-DCF. Intracellular OH or ONOO- react with H2-DCF when cells contain peroxides, to form the highly fluorescent compound DCF, which effluxes the cell. Fluorescence intensity of DCF is measured using a fluorescence spectrophotometer.</td> <td>0&ndash;600 &micro;M</td> <td> <p>Long/ Easy</p> <p>High accuracy</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>CM-H2DCFDA Assay</strong></td> <td>**Come back and explain the flow cytometry determination of oxidative stress from Pan et al. (2009)**</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Direct Methods of Measurement</p> <table cellspacing="0" class="Table" style="border-collapse:collapse; width:623px"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top; width:141px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">Method of Measurement</span></span></strong>&nbsp;</span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">References</span></span></strong>&nbsp;</span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top; width:255px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">Description</span></span></strong>&nbsp;</span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top; width:76px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">OECD-Approved Assay</span></span></strong></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:141px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">Chemiluminescence&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">(Lu, C. et al., 2006;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">Griendling, K. K., et al., 2016)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:255px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">ROS can induce electron transitions in molecules, leading to electronically excited products. When the electrons transition back to ground state, chemiluminescence is emitted and can be measured. Reagents such as&nbsp;uminol&nbsp;and lucigenin are commonly used to amplify the signal.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:76px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">No</span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:141px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">Spectrophotometry&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">(Griendling, K. K., et al., 2016)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:255px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">NO has a short half-life. However, if it has been reduced to nitrite (NO2-), stable&nbsp;azocompounds&nbsp;can be formed via the Griess Reaction, and further measured by spectrophotometry.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:76px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">No</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:141px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">Direct or Spin Trapping-Based Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">(Griendling, K. K., et al., 2016)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:255px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">The unpaired electrons (free radicals) found in ROS can be detected with EPR, and is known as electron paramagnetic resonance. A variety of spin traps can be used.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:76px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">No</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:141px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">Nitroblue&nbsp;Tetrazolium Assay&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">(Griendling, K. K., et al., 2016)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:255px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">The&nbsp;Nitroblue&nbsp;Tetrazolium assay is used to measure O</span></span>_{<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">2</span></span>}<span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:#2f5597">&bull;</span></span>^{<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">&ndash;</span></span>}<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597"> levels. O</span></span>_{<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">2</span></span>}<span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:#2f5597">&bull;</span></span>^{<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">&ndash;</span></span>}<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597"> reduces&nbsp;nitroblue&nbsp;tetrazolium (a yellow dye) to formazan (a blue dye), and can be measured at 620 nm.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:76px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">No</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:141px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">Fluorescence analysis of dihydroethidium (DHE) or&nbsp;Hydrocyans&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">(Griendling, K. K., et al., 2016)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:255px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">Fluorescence analysis of DHE is used to measure O</span></span>_{<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">2</span></span>}<span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:#2f5597">&bull;</span></span>^{<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">&ndash;</span></span>}<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597"> levels. O</span></span>_{<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">2</span></span>}<span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:#2f5597">&bull;</span></span>^{<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">&ndash;</span></span>}<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">&nbsp; is reduced to O2 as DHE is oxidized to 2-hydroxyethidium, and this reaction can be measured by fluorescence. Similarly,&nbsp;hydrocyans&nbsp;can be oxidized by any ROS, and measured via fluorescence.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:76px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">No</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:141px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">Amplex&nbsp;Red Assay&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">(Griendling, K. K., et al., 2016)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:255px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">Fluorescence analysis to measure extramitochondrial or extracellular H₂O₂ levels. In the presence of horseradish peroxidase and H₂O₂,&nbsp;Amplex&nbsp;Red is oxidized to resorufin, a fluorescent molecule measurable by plate reader.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:76px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">No</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:141px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">Dichlorodihydrofluorescein&nbsp;Diacetate (DCFH-DA)&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">(Griendling, K. K., et al., 2016)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:255px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">An indirect fluorescence analysis to measure intracellular H₂O₂ levels. H₂O₂ interacts with peroxidase or heme proteins, which further react with DCFH, oxidizing it to&nbsp;dichlorofluorescein&nbsp;(DCF), a fluorescent product.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:76px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">No</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:141px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">HyPer&nbsp;Probe&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">(Griendling, K. K., et al., 2016)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:255px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">Fluorescent measurement of intracellular H₂O₂ levels.&nbsp;HyPer&nbsp;is a genetically encoded fluorescent sensor that can be used for&nbsp;<em>in vivo</em>&nbsp;and<em>&nbsp;in situ&nbsp;</em>imaging.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:76px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">No</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:141px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">Cytochrome c Reduction Assay&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">(Griendling, K. K., et al., 2016)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:255px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">The cytochrome c reduction assay is used to measure O</span></span>_{<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">2</span></span>}<span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:#2f5597">&bull;</span></span>^{<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">&ndash;</span></span>}<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597"> levels. O</span></span>_{<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">2</span></span>}<span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:#2f5597">&bull;</span></span>^{<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">&ndash;</span></span>}<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">&nbsp; is reduced to O2 as ferricytochrome c is oxidized to&nbsp;ferrocytochrome&nbsp;c, and this reaction can be measured by an absorbance increase at 550 nm.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:76px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">No</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:141px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">Proton-electron double-resonance imagine&nbsp;(PEDRI)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">(Griendling, K. K., et al., 2016)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:255px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">The redox state of tissue is detected through nuclear magnetic resonance/magnetic resonance imaging, with the use of a nitroxide spin probe or biradical molecule.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:76px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">No</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:141px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">Glutathione (GSH) depletion&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">(Biesemann, N. et al., 2018)&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:255px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">A downstream target of the Nrf2 pathway is involved in GSH synthesis. As an indication of oxidation status, GSH can be measured by assaying the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione (GSH:GSSG) using a commercially available kit (e.g.,&nbsp;</span></span><span style="color:#2f5597"><a href="http://www.abcam.com/gshgssg-ratio-detection-assay-kit-fluorometric-green-ab138881.html"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">http://www.abcam.com/gshgssg-ratio-detection-assay-kit-fluorometric-green-ab138881.html</span></span></a></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">).&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:76px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">No</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:141px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">Thiobarbituric&nbsp;acid reactive substances (TBARS)&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">(Griendling, K. K., et al., 2016)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:255px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">Oxidative damage to lipids can be measured by assaying for lipid peroxidation with TBARS using a commercially available kit.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:76px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">No</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:141px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">Protein oxidation (carbonylation)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">(Azimzadeh et al., 2017; Azimzadeh etal., 2015; Ping et al., 2020)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:255px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">Can be determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or a commercial assay kit. Protein oxidation can indicate the level of oxidative stress.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:76px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">No</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:141px"><span style="color:#27ae60">Seahorse XFp Analyzer &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:151px"><span style="color:#27ae60">Leung et al. 2018&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:255px"><span style="color:#27ae60">The Seahorse XFp Analyzer provides information on mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and metabolic dysfunction of viable cells by measuring respiration (oxygen consumption rate; OCR) and extracellular pH (extracellular acidification rate; ECAR).&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:76px"><span style="color:#27ae60">No&nbsp;</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">Molecular Biology:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">&nbsp;Nrf2. Nrf2&rsquo;s transcriptional activity is controlled post-translationally by oxidation of Keap1. Assays for Nrf2 activity include:&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <table cellspacing="0" class="Table" style="border-collapse:collapse; width:623px"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top; width:154px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">Method of Measurement</span></span></strong>&nbsp;</span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top; width:139px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">References</span></span></strong>&nbsp;</span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top; width:256px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">Description</span></span></strong>&nbsp;</span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top; width:75px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">OECD-Approved Assay</span></span></strong></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:154px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">Immunohistochemistry&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:139px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">(Amsen, D., de Visser, K. E., and Town, T., 2009)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:256px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">Immunohistochemistry for increases in Nrf2 protein levels and translocation into the nucleus&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:75px"> <p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">No</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:154px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:139px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">(Forlenza et al., 2012)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:256px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">qPCR of Nrf2 target genes (e.g., Nqo1, Hmox-1,&nbsp;Gcl,&nbsp;Gst,&nbsp;Prx,&nbsp;TrxR,&nbsp;Srxn), or by commercially available pathway-based qPCR array (e.g., oxidative stress array from&nbsp;SABiosciences)&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:75px"> <p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">No</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; height:46px; vertical-align:top; width:154px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">Whole transcriptome profiling via microarray or via RNA-seq followed by a pathway analysis</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; height:46px; vertical-align:top; width:139px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">(Jackson, A. F. et al., 2014)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; height:46px; vertical-align:top; width:256px"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">Whole transcriptome profiling by microarray or RNA-seq followed by pathway analysis (in IPA, DAVID,&nbsp;metacore, etc.) for enrichment of the Nrf2 oxidative stress response pathway</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; height:46px; vertical-align:top; width:75px"> <p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#2f5597">No</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><span style="color:#27ae60"><strong>Taxonomic applicability: </strong>Occurrence of oxidative stress is not species specific. &nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="color:#27ae60"><strong>Life stage applicability:</strong> Occurrence of oxidative stress is not life stage specific.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="color:#27ae60"><strong>Sex applicability: </strong>Occurrence of oxidative stress is not sex specific.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="color:#27ae60"><strong>Evidence for perturbation by prototypic stressor:</strong> There is evidence of the increase of oxidative stress following perturbation from a variety of stressors including exposure to ionizing radiation and altered gravity (Bai et al., 2020; Ungvari et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2009). &nbsp;</span></p> High Mixed High All life stages High High <p style="margin-left:48px; text-align:left"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Ahmad, S. et al. 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(2013), &ldquo;Angiotensin II, NADPH oxidase, and redox signaling in the vasculature&rdquo;, <em>Antioxidants &amp; redox signaling,</em> Vol. 19/10<strong>,</strong> </span><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:black">Mary Ann Liebert, Larchmont, </span></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2012.4641" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline"><span style="background-color:white">https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2012.4641</span></a></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Ping, Z. et al. (2020), &ldquo;Oxidative Stress in Radiation-Induced Cardiotoxicity&rdquo;, <em>Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity</em>, Vol. 2020, Hindawi, </span></span></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3579143" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3579143</span></span></a></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Powers, S.K. and M.J. Jackson. (2008), &ldquo;Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress: Cellular Mechanisms and Impact on Muscle Force Production&rdquo;, <em>Physiological Reviews,</em> Vol. 88/4<strong>,</strong> American Physiological Society, Rockville, </span></span></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00031.2007" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00031.2007</span></span></a></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Raimondi, V., F. Ciccarese and V. Ciminale. (2020), &ldquo;Oncogenic pathways and the electron transport chain: a dangeROS liason&rdquo;, <em>British Journal of Cancer, </em>Vol. 122/2, Nature Portfolio, London, </span></span></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-019-0651-y" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-019-0651-y</span></span></a></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:48px; text-align:left"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Seen, S. and L. Tong. (2018), &ldquo;Dry eye disease and oxidative stress&rdquo;, <em>Acta Ophthalmologica,</em> Vol. 96/4<strong>,</strong> John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc., Hoboken, </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.13526" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline">https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.13526</a></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Ungvari, Z. et al. (2013), &ldquo;Ionizing Radiation Promotes the Acquisition of a Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype and Impairs Angiogenic Capacity in Cerebromicrovascular Endothelial Cells: Role of Increased DNA Damage and Decreased DNA Repair Capacity in Microvascular Radiosensitivity&rdquo;, <em>The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences</em>, Vol. 68/12, Oxford University Press, Oxford, </span></span></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glt057." style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glt057.</span></span></a> </span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:48px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Vargas-Mendoza, N. et al. (2021), &ldquo;Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Function and Adaptation to Exercise: New Perspectives in Nutrition&rdquo;, <em>Life, </em>Vol. 11/11, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, Basel, </span></span></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/life11111269" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">https://doi.org/10.3390/life11111269</span></span></a></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Wang, H. et al. (2019), &ldquo;Radiation-induced heart disease: a review of classification, mechanism and prevention&rdquo;, <em>International Journal of Biological Sciences, </em>Vol. 15/10, Ivyspring International Publisher, Sydney, <a href="https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.35460" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline">https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.35460</a> </span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#212121">Zhang, R. et al. (2009), &ldquo;Blockade of AT1 receptor partially restores vasoreactivity, NOS expression, and superoxide levels in cerebral and carotid arteries of hindlimb unweighting rats&rdquo;, <em>Journal of applied physiology</em>, Vol. 106/1, American Physiological Society, Rockville, </span></span></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01278.2007" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01278.2007</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#212121">.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Zhao, R. Z. et al. (2019), &ldquo;Mitochondrial electron transport chain, ROS generation and uncoupling&rdquo;, <em>International journal of molecular medicine</em>,&nbsp;Vol. 44/1, </span><span style="color:black">Spandidos</span><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:black"> Publishing Ltd</span></span><span style="color:black">., Athens, </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2019.4188" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline">https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2019.4188</a></span></span></p> AOPWiki 2017-05-30T13:58:17 2023-03-21T15:16:10 Increase, Inflammation Cellular <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Inflammation is complex to define.&nbsp; </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Villeneuve et al. (2018) analyzed the varied biological responses, provided guidance to simplify the &nbsp;process representing inflammation in adverse outcome pathways, and recommended 3 key steps: 1. Tissue resident cell activation 2. Increased Pro-inflammatory mediators 3. Leukocyte recruitment/activation.&nbsp; Tissue resident cell activation generally occurs when healthy tissue is exposed to a stressor, or when damage occurs, initiating a signal response of pro-inflammatory mediators (ex. cytokines).&nbsp; Pro-inflammatory mediators result in the production of lipids and proteins, signaling, and initiate leukocyte recruitment/activation.&nbsp; Leukocyte recruitment/activation initiate inflammation and other morphological changes.&nbsp; </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Some empirical research studies that illustrate inflammation pathways:</span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A review of inflammation caused by microplastics in mammals (Wright and Kelly, 2017).&nbsp; Inflammation and immune responses are caused by irritation via microplastics inhalation.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Increased inflammatory interleukin gene expression in lab mice brains with damaged hypoglossal nerves (Gamo et al., 2008).&nbsp; Inflammatory genes interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels were increased after physical injury.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Increased inflammation in the freshwater fish Danio rerio exposed to polystyrene microplastics (Lu et al., 2016).&nbsp; Oxidative stress indicator enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase were increased in livers, along with histopathological changes in inflammation and necrosis, in response to accumulation of microplastics.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Inhibited inflammatory interleukin gene expression in guts and increased mucus production in guts in the freshwater fish Danio rerio exposed to polystyrene microplastics (Jin et al., 2018).&nbsp; Gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1alpha, interleukin-1beta, interferon, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-10 were changed, with most genes showing statistically significant increases and a dose-response relationship, due to exposure to polystyrene microplastics.&nbsp; In additional, gut microbiota was altered.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Significant intestinal damage including intestinal fold disruption, enterocyte damage, broken tissue, and inflammation in the freshwater fish Danio rerio exposed to microplastics (Lei et al., 2018).&nbsp; Growth and reproductive effects were seen in addition to the histology observations, and associated with accumulation of microplastics.</span></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In cancer, inflammation is a cascade of events created by the host in response to the spread of the cancer (Coussens and Werb, 2002). In response to an injury or the presence of cancer, the host heals itself through inflammation. Indeed, the activation and the migration of&nbsp; leukocytes (neutrophils, monocytes and eosinophils) to the wound induces the healing process. These inflammatory cells provide an extracellular matrix that forms upon which fibroblast and endothelial cells proliferate and migrate in order to recreate a normal environment. Damage to the epithelial layer initiate inflammatory reactions (Palmer et al. 2011).&nbsp; In cancer, this inflammatory state induces cell proliferation, increases the production of reactive oxygen species leading to oxidative DNA damage, and reduces DNA repair (Coussens and Werb, 2002).</span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Inflammation is generally detected in histopathological examination of organs (ex. liver, intestines) or in changes in gene expression (ex. interleukins).&nbsp; Activation of the innate immune response and the release of various inflammatory cytokines can also be assessed (Flake and Morgan, 2017). </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Taxonomic:&nbsp;appears to be present broadly, with representative studies focused on mammals (humans, lab mice, lab rats).</span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> CL:0000255 CL eukaryotic cell High Unspecific High All life stages High High High <p><span style="font-size:16px">Flake, G.P., and&nbsp;Morgan, D.L. 2017. Pathology of diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione airway lesions in a rat model of obliterative bronchiolitis. <em>Toxicology</em>, <em>388</em>, 40&ndash;47. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2016.10.013"><u>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2016.10.013</u></a></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px">Palmer, S.M., Flake, G.P., Kelly, F.L., Zhang, H.L., Nugent, J.L., Kirby, P.J., Zhang, H.L., Nugent, J.L., Kirby, P.J., Foley, J.F., Gwinn, W.M., and Morgan, D.L. 2011. Severe airway epithelial injury, aberrant repair and Bronchiolitis obliterans develops after diacetyl instillation in rats. <em>PLoS ONE</em>,&nbsp;<em>6</em>(3).&nbsp;<a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017644"><u>https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017644</u></a></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px">Coussens L.M. and Werb Z. Inflammation and cancer. Nature. 2002 Dec 19-26;420(6917):860-7. doi: 10.1038/nature01322. PMID: 12490959; PMCID: PMC2803035.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Gamo, K., Kiryu-Seo, S., Konishi, H., Aoki, S., Matushima, K., Wada, K., and Kiyama, H.&nbsp; 2008.&nbsp; G-protein-coupled receptor screen reveals a role for chemokine recepteor CCR5 in suppressing microglial neurotoxicity.&nbsp; Journal of Neuroscience 28: 11980-11988.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Jin, Y., Xia, J., Pan, Z., Yang, J., Wang, W., and Fu, Z.&nbsp; 2018.&nbsp; Polystyrene microplastics induce microbiota dysbiosis and inflammation in the gut of adult zebrafish.&nbsp; Environmental Pollution 235: 322-329.</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Lei, L., Wu, S., Lu, S., Liu, M., Song, Y., Fu, Z., Shi, H., Raley-Susman, K.M., and He, D.&nbsp; 2018.&nbsp; Microplastic particles cause intestinal damage and other adverse effects in zebrafish Danio rerio and nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.&nbsp; Science of the Total Environment 619-620: 1-8.</span></span></p> AOPWiki 2016-11-29T18:41:23 2023-08-10T14:43:51 General Apoptosis Cellular <p><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif; font-size:11pt">Apoptosis is the programmed cell death in general. This process is well regulated with a sequence of events before cell fragmentation occurs. Changes in the nucleus of a neuron cell are the first step in apoptosis. Before that, other factors such as stress, inflammation, cell damage can induce expression or activation of signal proteins which will activate the pathway for apoptosis. Examples of proteins which are involved in apoptosis are the proteins p53, Bcl-2, JNK, and several caspases. When the first step is taken in the apoptosis process the neuron cell will end in membrane-bounded apoptotic bodies. These bodies are cleared by macrophages or other cells where the degradation process starts within heteorphagosomes.</span></p> <p>There are several possibilities to measure and detect apoptosis, some examples are the detection of LDH and MTT substances which are released from cells which commit suicide. An older but effective technique it the annexin V &ndash; affinity assay. The principle of this assay is the high affinity binding between annexin V and phosphatidylserine. In a vital cell there is a membrane lipid asymmetry where phosphatidylserine molecules are facing the cytosol. During apoptosis the membrane lipid asymmetry is lost, and the phosphatidylserine molecules are expressed in the outer membrane. When annexin-V is present in combination with Ca²⁺ it binds with high affinity to phosphatidylserine. With a hapten label at the annexin-V this process can be detected.</p> <p><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif; font-size:11pt">Other techniques are the detection of cleaved caspase-3, which could be done with a western blot or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Cytochrome c is also a protein which is released in an early stage of apoptosis. Detection of cytochrome c can be done with metal nanoclusters which have a fluorescent probe.</span></p> <p>Shtilbans, V., Wu, M. &amp; Burstein, D. E. Evaluation of apoptosis in cytologic specimens. <em>Diagnostic Cytopathology</em> <strong>38,</strong> 685&ndash;697 (2010).</p> <p>Wu, J., Sun, J. &amp; Xue, Y. Involvement of JNK and P53 activation in G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by titanium dioxide nanoparticles in neuron cells. <em>Toxicol. Lett.</em> <strong>199,</strong> 269&ndash;276 (2010).</p> <p>Redza-Dutordoir, M. &amp; Averill-Bates, D. A. Activation of apoptosis signalling pathways by reactive oxygen species. <em>Biochim. Biophys. Acta - Mol. Cell Res.</em> <strong>1863,</strong> 2977&ndash;2992 (2016).</p> <p>Lossi, L., Castagna, C. &amp; Merighi, A. Neuronal cell death: An overview of its different forms in central and peripheral neurons. in <em>Neuronal Cell Death: Methods and Protocols</em> 1&ndash;18 (2014). doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2152-2_1</p> <p>Van Engeland, M., Nieland, L. J. W., Ramaekers, F. C. S., Schutte, B. &amp; Reutelingsperger, C. P. M. Annexin V-affinity assay: A review on an apoptosis detection system based on phosphatidylserine exposure. <em>Cytometry</em> <strong>31,</strong> 1&ndash;9 (1998).</p> <p>Shamsipur, M., Molaabasi, F., Hosseinkhani, S. &amp; Rahmati, F. Detection of Early Stage Apoptotic Cells Based on Label-Free Cytochrome c Assay Using Bioconjugated Metal Nanoclusters as Fluorescent Probes. <em>Anal. Chem.</em> <strong>88,</strong> 2188&ndash;2197 (2016).</p> AOPWiki 2018-04-04T14:30:27 2018-04-04T14:51:14 Increase, Cancer Tissue <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Cancer is a general key event for related diseases each exhibiting uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells (for review see Hanahan and Weinberg 2011).&nbsp; A cancer often is initially associated with a specific organ, with malignant tumors developing ability to metastasize, or travel to other areas of the body.&nbsp; Most cancers develop from genetic mutations in normal cells, although a minority of cancers are hereditary.&nbsp;&nbsp; Exposure to chemical stressors, radiation, tobacco smoke, or viruses can increase the likelihood that cancer will develop.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Cancer cells proliferate due to capabilities summarized by Hanahan and Weinberg (2011): </span></span></p> <ol> <li><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sustained proliferation signaling &ndash; by deregulating normal cell signals, cancer cells can sustain chronic proliferation.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Evading growth suppressors &ndash; by evading activities of tumor suppressor genes, cancer cells continue to proliferate.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Activating invasion and metastasis &ndash; by altering shape and attachment to cells in the extracellular matrix, cancer cells gain ability to move to other locations.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Enabling replicative immortality &ndash; by disabling senescence pathways, cancer cells have extended lifespans.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Inducing angiogenesis &ndash; by enabling neovasculature, cancer cells receive nutrients and oxygen and get rid of waste products.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Resisting cell death &ndash; by evading apotosis and necrosis defense pathways, cancer cells avoid elimination.</span></span></li> </ol> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Most carcinogenicity studies are conducted with rodents (see OECD 2018 for methods) or in-vitro with mammalian cell lines (see OECD 2023 for methods).&nbsp; Cancer is usually detected by biopsy or histopathological examination of tissue.&nbsp; Gene expression levels can also be assessed, as increased transcription of known genes have been associated with specific cancers (ex. Tumor Necrosis Factor (Pavet et al. 2014); Heat Shock Factors (Vihervaara and Sistonen 2014; Androgen Receptor (Heinlein and Chang 2004)).</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Life Stage:</span>&nbsp;All life stages.&nbsp; Older individuals are more likely to manifest this key event (adults &gt; juveniles &gt; embryos).</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Sex: A</span>pplies to both males and females.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Taxonomic:</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"> Appears to be present broadly, with representative studies including mammals (humans, lab mice, lab rats), teleost fish, and invertebrates (cladocerans, mussels).</span></span></p> High Unspecific High All life stages High High High <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Abraha, A.M. and Ketema, E.B.&nbsp; 2016.&nbsp; Apoptotic pathways as a therapeutic target for colorectal cancer treatment.&nbsp; World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 8 (8): 583-491</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">European Parliament.&nbsp; 2022.&nbsp; Directive 2004/37/EC of the European Parliament on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to carcinogens, mutagens or reprotoxic substances at work.&nbsp; Retrieved 3 August 2023 from http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2004/37/2022-04-05</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hanahan, D. and Weinberg, R.A.&nbsp; 2011.&nbsp; Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation.&nbsp; Cell 144(5): 646-674.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Heinlein, C.A. and Chang, C.&nbsp; 2004.&nbsp; Androgen receptor in prostate cancer.&nbsp; Endocrine Reviews 25: 276-308.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">OECD.&nbsp; 2018.&nbsp; Test no. 451: OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals: Carcinogenicity Studies.&nbsp; OECD Publishing, Paris.&nbsp; Retrieved 3 August 2023 from <a href="https://www.oecd.org/env/test-no-451-carcinogenicity-studies-9789264071186-en.htm" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline">https://www.oecd.org/env/test-no-451-carcinogenicity-studies-9789264071186-en.htm</a></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">OECD.&nbsp; 2023. Test No. 487: In Vitro Mammalian Cell Micronucleus Test, OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4, OECD Publishing, Paris.&nbsp; Retrieved 3 August 2023 from &nbsp;<a href="https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264264861-en.htm" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline">https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264264861-en.htm</a></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">OSHA. 2023.&nbsp; Carcinogens.&nbsp; Retrieved 3 August 2023 from <a href="https://www.osha.gov/carcinogens/standards" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline">https://www.osha.gov/carcinogens/standards</a></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pavet, V., Shlyakhtina, Y., He, T., Ceschin, D.G., Kohonen, P., Perala, M., Kallioniemi, O., and Gronemeyer, H.&nbsp; 2014.&nbsp; Plasminogen activator urokinase expression reveals TRAIL responsiveness and support fractional survival of cancer cells.&nbsp; Cell Death and Disease 5: e1043.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Vihervaara, A. and Sistonen, L.&nbsp; 2014.&nbsp; HSF1 at a glance.&nbsp; Journal of Cell Scientce 127: 261-266.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Zhou, Y., Xia, J., Xu, S., She, T., Zhang, Y., Sun, Y., Wen, M., Jiang, T., Xiong, Y., and Lei, J.&nbsp; 2023.&nbsp; Experimental mouse models for translational human cancer research.&nbsp; Frontiers in Immunology 14: 1095388.</span></span></p> AOPWiki 2016-11-29T18:41:27 2023-08-10T14:59:50 <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Oxidative stress occurs due to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ROS can damage DNA, lipids, and proteins (Shields et al. 2021).&nbsp; Superoxide dismutase is an enzyme in a common cellular defense pathway, in which superoxide dismutase converts superoxide radicals to hydrogen peroxide.&nbsp; When cellular defense mechanisms are unable to mitigate ROS formation from mitochondrial respiration and stressors (biological, chemical, radiation), increased ROS levels cause oxidative stress.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This KER was identified as part of an Environmental Protection Agency effort to represent putative AOPs from peer-reviewed literature which were heretofore unrepresented in the AOP-Wiki. The KER is referenced in publications which were cited in the originating work for the putative AOP from Jeong and Choi (2020).&nbsp; </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The biological plausibility linking increases in oxidative stress to reactive oxygen species (ROS) is strong (see below empirical evidence).</span></span></p> <table cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color:#d0cece; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top; width:138px"> <p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Taxa</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#d0cece; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top; width:486px"> <p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Support</span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:white; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:138px"> <p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Mammals</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:white; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:486px"> <p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Deng et al. 2017; Schrinzi et al. 2017; Jeong and Choi 2020</span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:white; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:138px"> <p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Fish</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:white; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:486px"> <p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Oliveira et al. 2013; Lu et al. 2016; Alomar et al. 2017; Chen et al. 2017; Veneman et al. 2017; Barboza et al. 2018; Choi et al. 2018; Espinosa et al. 2018</span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:white; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:138px"> <p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Invertebrates</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:white; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:486px"> <p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Browne et al. 2013; Avio et al. 2015; Jeong et al. 2016, 2017; Paul-Pont et al. 2016; Imhof et al. 2017; Lei et al. 2018; Yu et al. 2018</span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by many normal cellular processes (ex. cellular respiration, mitochondrial electron transport, specialized enzyme reactions) and occur in multiple chemical forms (ex. superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide).&nbsp; Antioxidant enzymes play a major role in reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in cells (Ray et al. 2012) to prevent cellular damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA (Juan et al. 2021).&nbsp; Oxidative stress occurs when antioxidant enzymes do not prevent ROS levels from increasing in cells, often induced by environmental stressors (biological, chemical, radiation).</span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Free radicals or Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are directly measured.&nbsp; Oxidative stress can be detected through changes in gene expression (ex. superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase), protein content (ex. glutathione), and enzyme activity (ex. superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase).</span></span></p> High Unspecific High All life stages High High High <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Life Stage: The life stage applicable to this key event relationship is all life stages.&nbsp; Older individuals are more likely to manifest this adverse outcome pathway (adults &gt; juveniles &gt; embryos) due to accumulation of reactive oxygen species.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sex: This key event relationship applies to both males and females.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Taxonomic: This key event relationship appears to be present broadly, with representative studies including mammals (humans, lab mice, lab rats), teleost fish, and invertebrates (cladocerans, mussels).</span></span></p> #<Reference::ActiveRecord_Associations_CollectionProxy:0x00007b43136176b0> AOPWiki 2019-12-03T20:49:51 2023-08-15T10:05:34 <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Inflammation is one consequence of oxidative stress due to increased reactive species (ROS). &nbsp;&nbsp;Inflammation can be characterized as a multi-step process (Villeneuve et al. 2018): 1. Activation of tissue cells due to stress; 2. Increases in proinflammatory mediator (ex. cytokines); 3. Leukocyte recruitment; 4. Inflammatory response.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This KER was identified as part of an Environmental Protection Agency effort to represent putative AOPs from peer-reviewed literature which were heretofore unrepresented in the AOP-Wiki. The KER is referenced in publications which were cited in the originating work for the putative AOP from Jeong and Choi (2020).&nbsp; </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The biological plausibility linking inflammation to oxidative stress is strong (see below empirical evidence).</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Oxidative stress is induced when levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) reach levels able to cause cellular damage.&nbsp; Biological, physical, and chemical stressors from environmental sources can cause ROS levels to accumulate faster than antioxidant enzymes (ex. superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase) can&nbsp;reduce ROS levels. Inflammation is one of the most common responses to oxidative stress (for review see Wright and Kelly (2017); Villeneuve et al. (2018); for empirical studies see Gamo et al. (2008); Lu et al. (2016); Jin et al. (2018); Lei et al. (2018)).&nbsp; &nbsp;Stress triggers increased gene response of proinflammatory signaling mediators (ex. cytokines, interleukins, interferons).&nbsp; Increased leukocyte response results in inflammation.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Oxidative stress can be detected through changes in gene expression (ex. superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase), free radicals (Reactive Oxygen Species), protein content (ex. glutathione), and enzyme activity (ex. superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase). Inflammation is generally detected in histopathological examination of organs (ex. liver, intestines) or in changes in gene expression (ex. interleukins).</span></span></p> High Unspecific High All life stages High High High <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Life Stage: The life stage applicable to this key event relationship is all life stages.&nbsp; </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sex: This key event relationship applies to both males and females.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Taxonomic: This key event relationship appears to be present broadly, with representative studies including mammals (humans, lab mice, lab rats) and teleost fish.</span></span></p> #<Reference::ActiveRecord_Associations_CollectionProxy:0x00007b43136a3ef8> AOPWiki 2023-07-31T09:35:04 2023-08-15T10:38:19 <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pathways leading to apoptosis, or single cell death, have traditionally been studied as both independent and simultaneous from pathways leading to necrosis, or tissue-wide cell death, with both overlap and distinct mechanisms (Elmore 2007). For the purposes of this key event relationship, we are characterizing widespread cell-death due to inflammation (Bock and Riley 2022), while acknowledging that cell death can be caused by multiple stressors, and need not include inflammation.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This KER was identified as part of an Environmental Protection Agency effort to represent putative AOPs from peer-reviewed literature which were heretofore unrepresented in the AOP-Wiki. The KER is referenced in publications which were cited in the originating work for the putative AOP from Jeong and Choi (2020).&nbsp; </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The biological plausibility linking apoptosis to inflammation is strong (see below empirical evidence).</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Apoptosis is one of the most common responses to inflammation as a controlled pathway for cell-death due to detected cell damage (for review see Balkwill (2003); Elmore (2007); for empirical studies see Gamo et al. (2008); Karami et al. (2016); Lu et al. (2016); Jin et al. (2018)).&nbsp; Generally cell-surface markers indicate damage for T-cell mediated cytotoxic response and phagocytosis; activation of tumor necrosis factor genes enhance cellular response (Elmore 2007). </span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Apoptosis and necrosis are generally detected in histopathological examination of organs (ex. livers, brains) or in changes in gene expression (ex. tumor necrosis factor). &nbsp;Inflammation is generally detected in histopathological examination of organs (ex. liver, intestines) or in changes in gene expression (ex. interleukins).</span></span></p> High Unspecific High All life stages High High High <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Life Stage: The life stage applicable to this key event relationship is all life stages.&nbsp; </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sex: This key event relationship applies to both males and females.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Taxonomic: This key event relationship appears to be present broadly, with representative studies including mammals (humans, lab mice, lab rats) and teleost fish.</span></span></p> #<Reference::ActiveRecord_Associations_CollectionProxy:0x00007b43137dc8b0> AOPWiki 2023-07-31T09:35:25 2023-08-15T14:39:14 <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Cancer is a general key event for related diseases each exhibiting uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells (for review see Hanahan and Weinberg 2011).&nbsp; A cancer often is initially associated with a specific organ, with malignant tumors developing ability to metastasize, or travel to other areas of the body.&nbsp; Most cancers develop from genetic mutations in normal cells; in this key event relationship we are focusing on disruption of apoptosis and necrosis pathways, leading to cancer.&nbsp;&nbsp; Exposure to chemical stressors, radiation, tobacco smoke, or viruses can increase the likelihood that cancer will develop.&nbsp; Pathways leading to apoptosis, or single cell death, have traditionally been studied as both independent and simultaneous from pathways leading to necrosis, or tissue-wide cell death, with both overlap and distinct mechanisms (Elmore 2007). For the purposes of this key event relationship, we are characterizing cancer due to widespread cell-death. </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Cancer cells proliferate due to capabilities summarized by Hanahan and Weinberg (2011): </span></span></p> <ol> <li><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sustained proliferation signaling &ndash; by deregulating normal cell signals, cancer cells can sustain chronic proliferation.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Evading growth suppressors &ndash; by evading activities of tumor suppressor genes, cancer cells continue to proliferate.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Activating invasion and metastasis &ndash; by altering shape and attachment to cells in the extracellular matrix, cancer cells gain ability to move to other locations.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Enabling replicative immortality &ndash; by disabling senescence pathways, cancer cells have extended lifespans.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Inducing angiogenesis &ndash; by enabling neovasculature, cancer cells receive nutrients and oxygen and get rid of waste products.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Resisting cell death &ndash; by evading apotosis and necrosis defense pathways, cancer cells avoid elimination.</span></span></li> </ol> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This KER was identified as part of an Environmental Protection Agency effort to represent putative AOPs from peer-reviewed literature which were heretofore unrepresented in the AOP-Wiki. The KER is referenced in publications which were cited in the originating work for the putative AOP from Jeong and Choi (2020).&nbsp; </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The biological plausibility linking cancer to apoptosis is strong (see below empirical evidence).</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Cancer cells proliferate due to evasion of cellular defenses (apoptosis pathways) and tissue-level defenses (necrosis pathways).&nbsp; &nbsp;Specific modifications to cancer cells that enable proliferation rather than elimination are listed under the Key Event Relationship Description. For review see Heinlein and Chang (2004); Hanahan and Weinberg (2011); Pavet et al. (2014); Vihervaara and Sistonen (2014).</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Cancer is usually detected by biopsy or histopathological examination of tissue.&nbsp; Gene expression levels can also be assessed, as increased transcription of known genes have been associated with specific cancers (ex. Tumor Necrosis Factor (Pavet et al. 2014); Heat Shock Factors (Vihervaara and Sistonen 2014; Androgen Receptor (Heinlein and Chang 2004)).&nbsp; Apoptosis is generally detected in histopathological examination of organs (ex. livers, brains) or in changes in gene expression (ex. tumor necrosis factor). </span></span></p> High Unspecific High All life stages High High High <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Life Stage: The life stage applicable to this key event relationship is all life stages.&nbsp; </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sex: This key event relationship applies to both males and females.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Taxonomic: This key event relationship appears to be present broadly, with representative studies focused in mammals (humans, lab mice, lab rats).</span></span></p> #<Reference::ActiveRecord_Associations_CollectionProxy:0x00007b4313b235a0> AOPWiki 2023-07-31T09:36:36 2023-08-15T14:56:10 ROS formation leads to cancer via inflammation pathway Evgeniia Kazymova <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Of the originating work:&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Jaeseong Jeong and Jinhee Choi, School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Of the content populated in the AOP-Wiki:&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">John R. Frisch and Travis Karschnik, General Dynamics Information Technology, Duluth, Minnesota;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Daniel L. Villeneuve, US Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN</span></span></p> All rights reserved 2.5 <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are derived from oxygen molecules and can occur as free radicals (ex. superoxide, hydroxyl, peroxyl) or non-radicals (ex. ozone, singlet oxygen).&nbsp; ROS production occurs via a variety of normal cellular process; however, in stress situations (ex. exposure to radiation, chemical or biological stressors) reactive oxygen species levels dramatically increase and cause damage to cellular components.&nbsp; In this Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) we focus on the inflammation response to increases in oxidative stress.&nbsp; Inflammation pathways include a molecular response (ex. interleukins, cytokines, interferons) and produces visible tissue swelling during histology examinations.&nbsp; In this AOP we focus on the apoptosis response to cellular damage.&nbsp; Pathways leading to apoptosis, or single cell death, have traditionally been studied as both independent and simultaneous from pathways leading to necrosis, or tissue-wide cell death, with both overlap and distinct mechanisms (Elmore 2007). For the purposes of this AOP, we are characterizing cancer due to widespread cell-death, and recognize the complications in separating the related apoptosis and necrosis pathways.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) focuses on the pathway in which an established molecular disruption, increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leads to increased cancer through inflammation and cell/death/apoptosis.&nbsp; Environmental stressors leading to increased reactive oxygen species result in a variety of stress responses, visible through inflammation.&nbsp; These stress responses have been studied in many eukaryotes, including mammals (humans, lab mice, lab rats), teleost fish, and invertebrates (cladocerans, mussels).</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This AOP was developed as part of an Environmental Protection Agency effort to represent putative AOPs from peer-reviewed literature which were heretofore unrepresented in the AOP-Wiki.&nbsp; Jeong and Choi (2020) and Jeong and Choi (2019) provided initial network analysis from microplastic stressors, guided by weight of evidence from ToxCast assays of mammalian gene data.&nbsp; This publication, and the work cited within, were used create and support this AOP and its respective KE and KER pages.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The AOP-wiki authors did a further evaluation of published peer-reviewed literature to provide additional evidence in support of the AOP.&nbsp; Companion adverse outcome pathways are planned for two additional pathways initiated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to increased cancer: 1.&nbsp; Decreased, PPARalpha transactivation of gene expression leads to Alteration, lipid metabolism and 2. Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) Inhibition leads to Decrease, Mitochondrial ATP production.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Cancer is a critical endpoint in human health risk assessment.&nbsp; &nbsp;It is embedded in regulatory frameworks for human health protection in many countries (see OSHA 2023 for examples of US regulations and European Parliament 2022 for examples of regulations in Europe).</span></span></p> adjacent Low High adjacent Low High adjacent Low High adjacent Low High High Unspecific High All life stages High High High <p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Segoe UI&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#212529">The&nbsp;<em><span style="font-family:&quot;Segoe UI&quot;,sans-serif">biological plausibility</span></em>&nbsp;of KERs is strong due to the available mechanistic evidence present in studies from a wide variety of taxa. Increases in reactive oxygen (ROS) levels cause a variety of cellular responses.&nbsp; Jeong et al. (2020) used a weight-of-evidence approach in analyzing TOXCAST data, and proposed the putative AOP pathway from MIE Increased Reactive Oxygen Species to KE Oxidative Stress to KE Increase, Inflammation to KE General Apoptosis to AO Increase, Cancer.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Segoe UI&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#212529">The<em> essentiality</em> of KERs is strong due to a variety of evidence from different controlled experimental designs with controls.&nbsp; Exposure to a variety of chemical, physical, and biological stressors have induced oxidative stress from increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels.&nbsp; In this AOP we are focusing on the KERs between oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and cancer, as strongly supported by a variety of studies.&nbsp; Other oxidative stress pathways lead to apoptosis and cancer (ex. peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR)/lipid metabolism pathway and acetylcholinesterase/mitochondrial energy metabolism pathway) as increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) disrupt&nbsp;multiple cellular pathways.&nbsp; Additional evidence can be found in experimental designs that manipulate oxygen stress levels via use of strains of organisms with inhibited gene and enzyme function, as well as physical damage to nerves and organs of organisms.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Segoe UI&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#212529">The <em>empirical support</em> of KERs is largely found in toxicological studies derived from reference chemicals with dose-response and temporal concordance assessed.&nbsp; There are a large number of studies that have investigated the effects of increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS), because of researcher interest in the resulting cellular effects.&nbsp;&nbsp; Although there is a bias to publish studies that show an effect, and studies that show no effect are less likely to be published, given the number of dose-concordance studies from a wide variety of taxa, there is strong evidence in favor of the KERs represented in this AOP. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Life Stage: The life stage applicable to this AOP is all life stages.&nbsp; Older individuals are more likely to manifest this adverse outcome pathway (adults &gt; juveniles &gt; embryos) due to accumulation of reactive oxygen species.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sex: This AOP applies to both males and females.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Taxonomic: This AOP appears to be present broadly, with representative studies including mammals (humans, lab mice, lab rats), teleost fish, and invertebrates (cladocerans, mussels).</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Support for the essentiality of the key events can be obtained from a wide diversity of taxonomic groups, with mammals (lab ice, lab rats, human cell lines), telost fish, and invertebrates (cladocerans and mussels) particularly well-studied.</span></span></p> <table cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color:#d0cece; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top; width:312px"> <p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:20px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Path</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#d0cece; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top; width:312px"> <p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:20px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Support</span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:312px"> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Increased, Reactive oxygen species leads to Oxidative Stress</span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:312px"> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Biological plausibility is high.&nbsp; Representative studies have been done with mammals (Liu et al. 2015; Deng et al. 2017; Schrinzi et al. 2017; Jeong and Choi 2020); fish (Oliveira et al. 2013; Lu et al. 2016; Alomar et al. 2017; Chen et al. 2017; Veneman et al. 2017; Barboza et al. 2018; Choi et al. 2018; Espinosa et al. 2018); invertebrates (Browne et al. 2013; Avio et al. 2015; Jeong et al. 2016, 2017; Paul-Pont et al. 2016; Imhof et al. 2017; Lei et al. 2018; Yu et al. 2018).</span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:312px"> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Oxidative Stress leads to Increase, Inflammation</span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:312px"> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Biological plausibility is high.&nbsp; Representative studies have been done with mammals (Gamo et al. 2008; Jeong and Choi 2020); fish (Lu et al. 2016; Jin et al. 2018); invertebrates (Lei et al. 2018).&nbsp; For review (Wright and Kelly 2017).</span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:312px"> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Increase, Inflammation leads to General Apoptosis</span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:312px"> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Biological plausibility is high. &nbsp;Representative studies have been done with mammals (Gamo et al. 2008); fish (Karami et al. 2016; Lu et al. 2016; Jin et al. 2018).&nbsp; For review (Balkwill 2003, Villeneuve et al. 2018).</span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:312px"> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">General Apoptosis leads to Increase, Cancer</span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:312px"> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Biological plausibility is high.&nbsp; Representative studies have been done with mammals (Pavet et al. 2014; Jeong and Choi 2020).&nbsp; For review (Heinlein and Chang 2004; Vihervaara and Sistonen 2014).</span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Increased oxidative stress due to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been established as plausible in mammals, fish, and invertebrates.&nbsp; Oxidative stress can be detected through changes in gene expression (ex. superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase), protein content (ex. glutathione), and enzyme activity (ex. superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase). </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Increased inflammation due to increased oxidative stress has been established as plausible in mammals, fish, and invertebrates.&nbsp; Inflammation is generally detected in histopathological examination of organs (ex. liver, intestines) or in changes in gene expression (ex. interleukins).</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Increased apoptosis due to increased inflammation has been established as plausible in mammals and fish.&nbsp; Apoptosis is generally detected in histopathological examination of organs (ex. livers, brains) or in changes in gene expression (ex. tumor necrosis factor).</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Increased cancer due to increased apoptosis has been established as plausible primarily in mammals, through histopathological examination of organs, uncontrolled cellular proliferation, and associated changes in gene expression.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For overview&nbsp;of the biological mechanisms involved in this AOP, see&nbsp;Liu et al. (2015) and Jeong and Choi (2020);&nbsp;their studies analyzed ToxCast in vitro assays of mammalian acute toxicity data to identify correlations between toxicity pathways and chemical stressors, providing support for the key event relationships represented here.</span></span></p> <div> <table class="table table-bordered table-fullwidth"> <thead> <tr> <th>Modulating Factor (MF)</th> <th>Influence or Outcome</th> <th>KER(s) involved</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> Not Specified Not Specified <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Alomar, C., Sureda, A., Capo, X., Guijarro, B., Tejada, S. and Deudero, S.&nbsp; 2017.&nbsp; Microplastic ingestion by Mullus surmuletus Linnaeus, 1758 fish and its potential for causing oxidative stress.&nbsp; Environmental Research 159: 135-142.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Avio, C.G., Gorbi, S., Milan, M., Benedetti, M., Fattorini, D., D&rsquo;Errico, G., Pauletto, M., Bargelloni, L., and Regoli, F.&nbsp; 2015.&nbsp; Pollutants bioavailability and toxicological risk from microplastics to marine mussels.&nbsp; Environmental Pollutants 198: 211-222.</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Barboza, LG.A., Vieira, L.R., Branco, V., Figueiredo, N., Carvalho, F., Carvalho, C., and Guilhermino, L. 2018.&nbsp; Microplastics cause neurotoxicity, oxidative damage and energy-related changes and interact with the bioaccumulation of mercury in the European seabass, Dicentrachus labrux (Linneaeus, 1758).&nbsp; Aquatic Toxicology 195: 49-57.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Balkwill, F. 2003.&nbsp; Chemokine biology in cancer.&nbsp; Seminars in Immunology 15: 49-55.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Browne, M.A. Niven, S.J., Galloway, T.S., Rowland, S.J., and Thompson, R.C.&nbsp; 2013.&nbsp; Microplastic moves pollutants and additives to worms, reducing functions linked to health and biodiversity.&nbsp; Current Biology 23: 2388-2392.</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Chen, Q., Gundlach, M., Yang, S., Jiang, J., Velki, M., Yin, D., and Hollert, H.&nbsp; 2017 Quantitative investigation of the mechanisms of microplastics and nanoplastics toward larvae locomotor activity.&nbsp; Science of the Total Environment 584-585: 1022-1031.</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Choi, J.S., Jung, Y.J., Hong, N.H., Hong, S.H., and Park, J.W. 2018.&nbsp; Toxicological effects of irregularly shaped and spherical microplastics in a marine teleost, the sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus).&nbsp; Marine Pollution Bulletin 129: 231-240.</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Deng, Y., Zhang, Y., Lemos, B., and Ren, H.&nbsp; 2017.&nbsp; Tissue accumulation of microplastics in mice and biomarker responses suggest widespread health risks of exposure.&nbsp; Science Reports 7: 1-10.</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Elmore, S.&nbsp; 2007.&nbsp; Apoptosis: A Review of Programmed Cell Death.&nbsp; Toxicologic pathology 35 (4): 495-516.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Espinosa, C., Garcia Beltran, J.M., Esteban, M.A., and Cuesta, A.&nbsp; 2018.&nbsp; In vitro effects of virgin microplastics on fish head-kidney leucocyte activities.&nbsp; Environmental Pollution 235: 30-38.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Gamo, K., Kiryu-Seo, S., Konishi, H., Aoki, S., Matushima, K., Wada, K., and Kiyama, H.&nbsp; 2008.&nbsp; G-protein-coupled receptor screen reveals a role for chemokine recepteor CCR5 in suppressing microglial neurotoxicity.&nbsp; Journal of Neuroscience 28: 11980-11988.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Heinlein, C.A. and Chang, C.&nbsp; 2004.&nbsp; Androgen receptor in prostate cancer.&nbsp; Endocrine Reviews 25: 276-308.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Imhof, H.K., Rusek, J., Thiel, M., Wolinska, J., and Laforsch, C. 2017.&nbsp; Do microplastic particles affect Daphnia magna at the morphological life history and molecular level?&nbsp; Public Library of Science One 12: 1-20.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Jeong, J. and Choi, J.&nbsp; 2019.&nbsp; Adverse outcome pathways potentially related to hazard identification of microplastics based on toxicity mechanisms. Chemosphere 231: 249-255.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Jeong, J. and Choi, J.&nbsp; 2020.&nbsp; Development of AOP relevant to microplastics based on toxicity mechanisms of chemical additives using ToxCast&trade; and deep learning models combined approach.&nbsp; Environment International 137:105557.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Jeong, C.B., Kang, H.M., Lee, M.C., Kim, D.H., Han, J., Hwang, D.S. Souissi, S., Lee, S.J., Shin, K.H., Park, H.G., and Lee, J.S.&nbsp; 2017.&nbsp; Adverse effects of microplastics and oxidative stress-induced MAPK/NRF2 pathway-mediated defense mechanisms in the marine copepod Paracyclopina nana.&nbsp; Science Reports 7: 1-11.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Jeong, C.B., Wong, E.J., Kang, H.M., Lee, M.C., Hwang, D.S., Hwang, U.K., Zhou, B., Souissi, S., Lee, S.J., and Lee, J.S.&nbsp; 2016.&nbsp; Microplastic size-dependent toxicity, oxidative stress induction, and p-JNK and p-p38 activation in the Monogonout rotifer (Brachionus koreanus). Environmental Science and Technology 50: 8849-8857.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Jin, Y., Xia, J., Pan, Z., Yang, J., Wang, W., and Fu, Z.&nbsp; 2018.&nbsp; Polystyrene microplastics induce microbiota dysbiosis and inflammation in the gut of adult zebrafish.&nbsp; Environmental Pollution 235: 322-329.</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Karami, A., Romano, N., Galloway, T. and Hamzah, H.&nbsp; 2016.&nbsp; Virgin microplastics cause toxicity and modulate the impacts of phenanthrene on biomarker responses in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus).&nbsp; Environmental Research 151: 58-70.</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Lei, L., Wu, S., Lu, S., Liu, M., Song, Y., Fu, Z., Shi, H., Raley-Susman, K.M., and He, D.&nbsp; 2018.&nbsp; Microplastic particles cause intestinal damage and other adverse effects in zebrafish Danio rerio and nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.&nbsp; Science of the Total Environment 619-620: 1-8.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Liu, J., Mansouri, K., Judson, R.S., Martin, M.T., Hong, H., Chen, M., Xu, X., Thomas, R.S., and Shah, I.&nbsp; 2015.&nbsp; Predicting hepatoxicity using ToxCast in vitro bioactivity and chemical structure.&nbsp; Chemical Research in Toxicology 28: 738-751.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Lu, Y., Zhang, Y., Dengy, Y., Jiang, W., Zhao, Y., Geng, J., Ding, L., Ren, H.&nbsp; 2016.&nbsp; Uptake and accumulation of polystyrene microplastics in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and toxic effects in liver.&nbsp; Environmental Science and Technology 50: 4054-4060.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Oliveira, M., Ribeiro, A., Hylland, K., and Guilhermino, L. 2013.&nbsp; Single and combined effects of microplastics and pyrene on juveniles (0+ group) of the common goby Pomatoschistus microps (Teleostei, Gobiidae).&nbsp; Ecological Indicators 34: 641-647.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Paul-Pont, I., Lacroix, C., Gonzalez Fernandez, D., Hegaret, H., Lambert, C., Le Goic, N., Frere, L., Cassone, A.L., Sussarellu, R. Fabioux, C., Guyomarch, J., Albentosa, M., Huvet, A., and Soudant, P.&nbsp; 2016.&nbsp; Exposure of marine mussels Mytillus spp. to polystyrene microplastics: Toxicity and influence on fluoranthene bioaccumulation.&nbsp; Environmental Pollution 216: 724-737.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pavet, V., Shlyakhtina, Y., He, T., Ceschin, D.G., Kohonen, P., Perala, M., Kallioniemi, O., and Gronemeyer, H.&nbsp; 2014.&nbsp; Plasminogen activator urokinase expression reveals TRAIL responsiveness and support fractional survival of cancer cells.&nbsp; Cell Death and Disease 5: e1043.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Schrinzi, G.F., Perez-Pomeda, I., Sanchis, J., Rossini, C., Farre, M., and Barcelo, D.&nbsp; 2017.&nbsp; Cytotoxic effects of commonly used nanomaterials and microplastics on cerebral and epithelial human cells. Environmental Research 159: 579-587.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Veneman, W.J., Spaink, H.P., Brun, N.R., Bosker, T., and Vijver, M.G.&nbsp; 2017.&nbsp; Pathway analysis of systemic transcriptome responses to injected polystyrene particles in zebrafish larvae.&nbsp; Aquatic Toxicology 190: 112-120.</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Vihervaara, A. and Sistonen, L.&nbsp; 2014.&nbsp; HSF1 at a glance.&nbsp; Journal of Cell Scientce 127: 261-266.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Villeneuve, D.L., Landesmann, B., Allavena, P., Ashley, N., Bal-Price, A., Corsini, E., Halappanavar, S., Hussell, T., Laskin, D., Lawrence, T., Nikolic-Paterson, D., Pallary, M., Paini, A., Pietrs, R., Roth, R., and Tschudi-Monnet, F.&nbsp; 2018.&nbsp; Toxicological Sciences 346:352.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Wright, S.L. and Kelly, F.J.&nbsp; 2017.&nbsp; Plastic and human health: a micro issue?&nbsp; Enviromental Science and Technology 51: 6634-6647.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Yu, P., Liu, Z., Wu, D., Chen, M., Lv, W., and Zhao, Y.&nbsp; 2018.&nbsp; Accumulation of polystyrene microplastics in juvenile Eriocheir sinensis and oxidative stress effects in the liver.&nbsp; Aquatic Toxicology 200: 28-36.</span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> AOPWiki 2023-07-31T09:02:24 2023-09-25T16:27:15