15307-79-6 KPHWPUGNDIVLNH-UHFFFAOYSA-M KPHWPUGNDIVLNH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Diclofenac sodium Benzeneacetic acid, 2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]-, monosodium salt [2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]phenyl]acetate de sodium [2-[(2,6-diclorofenil)amino]fenil]acetato de sodio [o-(2,6-Dichloroanilino)phenyl]acetic acid sodium salt {2-[(2,6-Dichlorophenyl)amino]phenyl}acetate de sodium 2-(2,6-Dichloroanilino)phenylacetic acid sodium salt 2-[(2,6-Dichlorophenyl)amino]benzene acetic acid monosodium salt Acetic acid, [o-(2,6-dichloroanilino)phenyl]-, monosodium salt Allvoran Assaren Benfofen Benzeneacetic acid, 2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]-, sodium salt (1:1) Cataflam Delphimix Diacron Dichronic Diclobene Diclobenin Diclodyn Diclofen SR 100 Diclofenac sodium salt Diclofenac-Na Emulgel Diclofenacsodium Emulgel Diclokalium Diclophenac sodium Diclo-Phlogont Diclo-Puren Diclord Diclorep Dicloreum Diklovit Dolobasan Duravolten Dyloject Effekton Evofenac Feloran Fortfen Hyanalgese D Inflaban Kriplex N-(2,6-Dichlorophenyl)-o-aminophenylacetic acid sodium salt Natrium-[2-[(2,6-dichlorphenyl)amino]phenyl]acetat Neriodin Novapirina Orthofen Orthophen Primofenac Profenac Prophenatin Rhumalgan sodium [2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]phenyl]acetate Sodium [o-(2,6-dichloroanilino)phenyl]acetate Sodium 2-(2,6-dichloroanilino)-phenyl-acetate Sodium diclofenac Sorelmon Tsudohmin Valetan Voltaren Voltaren Ophtha Voltaren Ophtha CD Voltarol Voveran DTXSID3037208 CHEBI:26523 CHEBI reactive oxygen species CHEBI:26216 CHEBI potassium atom D001145 MESH Arrhythmias, Cardiac GO:1903409 GO reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process MP:0003674 MP oxidative stress MP:0004154 MP renal tubular necrosis D009026 MESH mortality 1 WIKI increased 3 WIKI occurrence Diclofenac sodium 2016-11-29T18:42:09 2016-11-29T18:42:09 WikiUser_28 Vertebrates WikiUser_22 all species Unknown, MIE Molecular AOPWiki 2016-11-29T18:41:29 2016-12-03T16:37:53 Increased, Reactive oxygen species Cellular <p>Biological State: increased reactive oxygen species (ROS)</p> <p>Biological compartment: an entire cell -- may be cytosolic, may also enter organelles.</p> <p>Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are O2- derived molecules that can be both free radicals (e.g. superoxide, hydroxyl, peroxyl, alcoxyl) and non-radicals (hypochlorous acid, ozone and singlet oxygen) (Bedard and Krause 2007; Ozcan and Ogun 2015). ROS production occurs naturally in all kinds of tissues inside various cellular compartments, such as mitochondria and peroxisomes (Drew and Leeuwenburgh 2002; Ozcan and Ogun 2015). Furthermore, these molecules have an important function in the regulation of several biological processes &ndash; they might act as antimicrobial agents or triggers of animal gamete activation and capacitation (Goud et al. 2008; Parrish 2010; Bisht et al. 2017).&nbsp;<br /> However, in environmental stress situations (exposure to radiation, chemicals, high temperatures) these molecules have its levels drastically increased, and overly interact with macromolecules, namely nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, causing cell and tissue damage (Brieger et al. 2012; Ozcan and Ogun 2015).&nbsp;</p> <p>Photocolorimetric assays (Sharma et al. 2017; Griendling et al. 2016) or through commercial kits purchased from specialized companies.</p> <p>Yuan, Yan, et al., (2013) described ROS monitoring by using H₂-DCF-DA, a redox-sensitive fluorescent dye. Briefly, the harvested cells were incubated with H₂-DCF-DA (50 &micro;mol/L final concentration) for 30 min in the dark at 37&deg;C. After treatment, cells were immediately washed twice, re-suspended in PBS, and analyzed on a BD-FACS Aria flow cytometry. ROS generation was based on fluorescent intensity which was recorded by excitation at 504 nm and emission at 529 nm.</p> <p>Lipid peroxidation (LPO) can be measured as an indicator of oxidative stress damage Yen, Cheng Chien, et al., (2013).</p> <p>Chattopadhyay, Sukumar, et al. (2002) assayed the generation of free radicals within the cells and their extracellular release in the medium by addition of yellow NBT salt solution (Park et al., 1968). Extracellular release of ROS converted NBT to a purple colored formazan. The cells were incubated with 100 ml of 1 mg/ml NBT solution for 1 h at 37&nbsp;&deg;C and the product formed was assayed at 550 nm in an Anthos 2001 plate reader. The observations of the &lsquo;cell-free system&rsquo; were confirmed by cytological examination of parallel set of explants stained with chromogenic reactions for NO and ROS.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>ROS is a normal constituent found in all organisms.</p> High Unspecific High All life stages High <p>B.H. Park, S.M. Fikrig, E.M. Smithwick Infection and nitroblue tetrazolium reduction by neutrophils: a diagnostic aid Lancet, 2 (1968), pp. 532-534</p> <p>Bedard, Karen, and Karl-Heinz Krause. 2007. &ldquo;The NOX Family of ROS-Generating NADPH Oxidases: Physiology and Pathophysiology.&rdquo; Physiological Reviews 87 (1): 245&ndash;313.</p> <p>Bisht, Shilpa, Muneeb Faiq, Madhuri Tolahunase, and Rima Dada. 2017. &ldquo;Oxidative Stress and Male Infertility.&rdquo; Nature Reviews. Urology 14 (8): 470&ndash;85.</p> <p>Brieger, K., S. Schiavone, F. J. Miller Jr, and K-H Krause. 2012. &ldquo;Reactive Oxygen Species: From Health to Disease.&rdquo; Swiss Medical Weekly 142 (August): w13659.</p> <p>Chattopadhyay, Sukumar, et al. &quot;Apoptosis and necrosis in developing brain cells due to arsenic toxicity and protection with antioxidants.&quot; Toxicology letters 136.1 (2002): 65-76.</p> <p>Drew, Barry, and Christiaan Leeuwenburgh. 2002. &ldquo;Aging and the Role of Reactive Nitrogen Species.&rdquo; Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 959 (April): 66&ndash;81.</p> <p>Goud, Anuradha P., Pravin T. Goud, Michael P. Diamond, Bernard Gonik, and Husam M. Abu-Soud. 2008. &ldquo;Reactive Oxygen Species and Oocyte Aging: Role of Superoxide, Hydrogen Peroxide, and Hypochlorous Acid.&rdquo; Free Radical Biology &amp; Medicine 44 (7): 1295&ndash;1304.</p> <p>Griendling, Kathy K., Rhian M. Touyz, Jay L. Zweier, Sergey Dikalov, William Chilian, Yeong-Renn Chen, David G. Harrison, Aruni Bhatnagar, and American Heart Association Council on Basic Cardiovascular Sciences. 2016. &ldquo;Measurement of Reactive Oxygen Species, Reactive Nitrogen Species, and Redox-Dependent Signaling in the Cardiovascular System: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.&rdquo; Circulation Research 119 (5): e39&ndash;75.</p> <p>Ozcan, Ayla, and Metin Ogun. 2015. &ldquo;Biochemistry of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species.&rdquo; In Basic Principles and Clinical Significance of Oxidative Stress, edited by Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder. Rijeka: IntechOpen.</p> <p>Parrish, A. R. 2010. &ldquo;2.27 - Hypoxia/Ischemia Signaling.&rdquo; In Comprehensive Toxicology (Second Edition), edited by Charlene A. McQueen, 529&ndash;42. Oxford: Elsevier.</p> <p>Sharma, Gunjan, Nishant Kumar Rana, Priya Singh, Pradeep Dubey, Daya Shankar Pandey, and Biplob Koch. 2017. &ldquo;p53 Dependent Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Delay Induced by Heteroleptic Complexes in Human Cervical Cancer Cells.&rdquo; Biomedicine &amp; Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine &amp; Pharmacotherapie 88 (April): 218&ndash;31.</p> <p>Yen, Cheng Chien, et al. &quot;Inorganic arsenic causes cell apoptosis in mouse cerebrum through an oxidative stress-regulated signaling pathway.&quot; Archives of toxicology 85 (2011): 565-575.</p> <p>Yuan, Yan, et al. &quot;Cadmium-induced apoptosis in primary rat cerebral cortical neurons culture is mediated by a calcium signaling pathway.&quot; PloS one 8.5 (2013): e64330.</p> AOPWiki 2016-11-29T18:41:29 2023-07-26T14:34:09 Increased, Oxidative Stress Molecular CL:0000255 CL eukaryotic cell AOPWiki 2016-11-29T18:41:29 2022-02-03T14:20:13 Occurrence, renal proximal tubular necrosis Tissue UBERON:0004134 UBERON proximal tubule AOPWiki 2016-11-29T18:41:29 2017-09-16T10:16:38 Increased, blood potassium concentration Tissue UBERON:0000178 UBERON blood AOPWiki 2016-11-29T18:41:29 2017-09-16T10:16:39 Occurrence, cardiac arrhythmia Organ UBERON:0000948 UBERON heart AOPWiki 2016-11-29T18:41:29 2017-09-16T10:17:22 Increased Mortality Population <p><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="color:black">Increased mortality refers to an increase in the number of individuals dying in an experimental replicate group or in a population over a specific period of time.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:start"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:#212529"><span style="background-color:white">Mortality of animals is generally observed as cessation of the heart beat, breathing (gill or lung movement) and locomotory movements. Mortality is typically measured by observation. Depending on the size of the organism, instruments such as microscopes may be used. The reported metric is mostly the mortality rate: the number of deaths in a given area or period, or from a particular cause.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:start"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:#212529"><span style="background-color:white">Depending on the species and the study setup, mortality can be measured:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:#212529"><span style="background-color:white">in the lab by recording mortality during exposure experiments</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:#212529"><span style="background-color:white">in dedicated setups simulating a realistic situation such as mesocosms or drainable ponds for aquatic species</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:#212529"><span style="background-color:white">in the field, for example by determining age structure after one capture, or by capture-mark-recapture efforts. The latter is a method commonly used in ecology to estimate an animal population&#39;s size where it is impractical to count every individual.</span></span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p>All living things are susceptible to mortality.</p> Moderate Unspecific High All life stages High AOPWiki 2016-11-29T18:41:24 2022-07-08T07:32:26 #<Reference::ActiveRecord_Associations_CollectionProxy:0x00005eb8a2eacfe0> AOPWiki 2016-11-29T18:41:36 2016-12-03T16:38:04 <table class="table table-bordered table-fullwidth"> <thead> <tr> <th>Modulating Factor (MF)</th> <th>MF Specification</th> <th>Effect(s) on the KER</th> <th>Reference(s)</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> #<Reference::ActiveRecord_Associations_CollectionProxy:0x00005eb8a2ed6638> AOPWiki 2016-11-29T18:41:36 2023-07-31T15:55:25 #<Reference::ActiveRecord_Associations_CollectionProxy:0x00005eb8a2efee30> AOPWiki 2016-11-29T18:41:36 2016-12-03T16:38:04 #<Reference::ActiveRecord_Associations_CollectionProxy:0x00005eb8a2f27998> AOPWiki 2016-11-29T18:41:36 2016-12-03T16:38:04 #<Reference::ActiveRecord_Associations_CollectionProxy:0x00005eb8a2f864c0> AOPWiki 2016-11-29T18:41:36 2016-12-03T16:38:04 #<Reference::ActiveRecord_Associations_CollectionProxy:0x00005eb8a2fc41d0> AOPWiki 2016-11-29T18:41:36 2016-12-03T16:38:04 unknown MIE renal failure Cataia Ives <p>Kellie Fay</p> BY-SA 1.29 1.0 <p>Increased mortality is one of the most common regulatory assessment endpoints,&nbsp;along with reduced growth and reduced reproduction.</p> adjacent Not Specified Not Specified adjacent Not Specified Not Specified adjacent Not Specified Not Specified adjacent Not Specified Not Specified adjacent Not Specified Not Specified non-adjacent Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified AOPWiki 2016-11-29T18:41:17 2023-09-25T16:26:54